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Inverse Warburg effect. In some instances (e.g., during aging), mitochondrial dysregulation leads to a dysproportionate upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation. In such case, an enhancement in the expression of all complexes (I–V) composing the respiratory chain has been documented. In addition to carbohydrate-derived pyruvate, cells become critically dependent on other oxidative substrate sources such as lactate-derived pyruvate. ATP, Adenosine triphosphate.
