Table 1.
Table of included studies.
| Article | No of participants | Imaging mode | Task | Patient depression score mean (SD) | Mean (SD) patient age | Medicated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMOTION | ||||||
| Bremner et al. (2007) | 18D:9HC | PET – [15O] H2O | Emotional words (sad/depressive) – recall of words | 16 (7)a | 40 (13) | No |
| Canli (2004) | 15D:15HC | fMRI | Emotional words (sad/socially or physically threatening/happy) | 23.9 (7.51)c | 35.1 | 7/15 on medication |
| Carballedo et al. (2011) | 15D:15HC | fMRI | Emotional face (sad/angry) – matching task | 22.87 (4.35)a | 39.87 (8.57) | No |
| Dichter et al. (2009) | 14D:15HC | fMRI | Emotional (sad) and neutral pictures | 26.9 (4.9)a | 34.8 (14.3) | No |
| Elliot (2002) | 10D:11HC | fMRI | Emotional words (happy/sad) with neutral distraction | 23.1 (3.9)a | 42.2 (8.3) | Yes |
| Epstein et al. (2006) | 10D:12HC | fMRI | Emotional words (positive/negative/neutral) – review | ns | 35.6 | No |
| Fu et al. (2004) | 19D: 19HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (sad) – view, asked to nominate gender | 21.1 (2.3)a | 43.2 (8.8) | No |
| Fu (2007) | 19D:19HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (happy) – view, asked to nominate gender | 21.1 (2.3)a | 43.2 (8.8) | No |
| Gotlib et al. (2005) | 18D:18HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (sad/happy) – view, asked to nominate gender | 24.6 (8.3)c | 35.2 | 9/18 on medication |
| Grimm et al. (2008) | 19D:29HC | fMRI | Emotional pictures – judge positivity/negativity | 33.12a (7.13) | 40.00 (9.89) | Yes |
| Grimm et al. (2009) | 25D:25HC | fMRI | Emotional pictures – judge self-relatedness of positive and negative pictures | 26.8a | ns | Yes |
| Hsu et al. (2010) | 23D:20HC | fMRI | Emotional words (positive/negative/neutral) – read and respond if word was understood | 19.41 (2.63)a | 41.26 (11.67) | No |
| Keedwell et al. (2005) | 12D:11HC | fMRI | Emotional events (happy/sad/neutral) in subject’s life – reminded of | 33.5 (11.2)c | 43 (9.8) | 11/12 on medication |
| Kumari et al. (2003) | 6D:6HC | fMRI | Emotionally captioned pictures (positive/negative) – viewed | 19.33 (1.03)a | 47 (3.59) | ns But all patients cited as being treatment resistant |
| Lawrence et al. (2004) | 9D:11HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (sad/fearful/happy) – view, asked to nominate gender | 31.8 (11.8)c | 41 (11) | Yes |
| Mingtian et al. (2012) | 27D:25HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (fearful/angry) – matching task | 25.11 (5.42)d | 20.37 (1.86) | No |
| Mitterschiffthaler et al. (2003) | 7D:7HC | fMRI | Pictures – assess positivity of positive and neutral pictures | 33.6 (2.5)c | 46.3 (8.1) | Yes |
| Mitterschiffthaler et al. (2008) | 17D:17HC | fMRI | Emotional (sad/neutral) STROOP test | 20.88 (1.83)a | 39.3 (9.4) | No |
| Ritchey et al. (2011) | 22D:14HC | fMRI | Pictures – rate “pleasantness” of pictures (positive/negative/neutral) | 26.7 (6.7)a | 36.1 (10.1) | Yes |
| Siegle et al. (2002) | 7D:10HC | fMRI | Words – assess the emotion of positive, negative, and neutral words | 21.6 (9.9)c | 34.3 (8.8) | No |
| Siegle et al. (2007) | 20D:21HC | fMRI | Emotional words (positive/negative/neutral) – assess personal relevance of | 27.3c | 38.8 | No |
| Surguladze et al. (2005) | 16D:14HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (happy/sad/neutral) – view, asked to nominate gender | 31.1 (10.8)c | 42.3 (8.4) | ns |
| Surguladze et al. (2010) | 9D:9HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (fear/disgust) – view, asked to nominate gender | 31.8 (11.8)c | 42.8 (7.2) | Yes |
| Townsend et al. (2010) | 15D:15HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (sad/fearful) – matching task or emotion identification | 20.1 (4.9)a | 45.6 (11.2) | No |
| Tremblay et al. (2005) | 12D:12HC | fMRI | Pictures – rate “pleasantness” of positive, negative, and neutral pictures | 27.75 (3.05)a | 34.8 (13.96) | No |
| Wang et al. (2008a) | 19D:20HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (sad/neutral) – view, asked to detect circle associated with sad pictures | 19.9 (5.3)a | 39.3 (9.0) | 11/19 on medication |
| Wang et al. (2008b) | 12D:20HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (sad/neutral) – view, asked to detect circle | 23.7 (5.7)b | 69.1 (6) | 9/12 on medication |
| Yoshimura et al. (2010) | 13D:13HC | fMRI | Emotional words – self-referential judgment of positive and negative personality words | 26.5 (6.9)c | 37.6 (6.2) | Yes |
| Zhong et al. (2011) | 29D:31HC | fMRI | Emotional faces (fearful/angry) – matching task | 34.86 (5.41)d | 20.45 (1.82) | No |
| COGNITION | ||||||
| Audenaert et al. (2002) | 10D:10HC | SPECT – 99mTc ECD | Letter fluency test and category fluency test | 27 (3.8)a | 19–49 year | Yes |
| Bremner et al. (2004) | 18D:13HC | PET – 99mTc ECD | Verbal memory encoding task remembering words | 33 (9)a | 38 (2) | Yes |
| de Asis et al. (2001) | 6D:5HC | PET – 99mTc ECD | Paced word generation | >30a | 70.7 | 4/6 on medication |
| van Eijndhoven et al. (2011) | 20D:20HC | fMRI | Episodic memory task | 21.08 (4.03)a | 34.1 (11.6) | Yes |
| Elliott et al. (1997) | 6D:6HC | PET – 99mTc ECD | Tower of London task | 23.8a | 34.7 | 5/6 on medication |
| Fitzgerald et al. (2008b) | 13D:13HC | fMRI | Tower of London, n-back letter memory task (where n = 2) | 32.7 (11.9)b | 38.4 (8.1) | 11/13 on medication |
| Harvey et al. (2005) | 10D:10HC | fMRI | N-back working memory (where n = 0, 1, 2, 3) | 26.7 (4.6)b | 33.8 (8.4) | 5/6 on medication |
| Holmes et al. (2005) | 10D:9HC | fMRI | AX expectancy performance task. Subjects asked to respond to letters in sequence, e.g., AX | ns | 32 (9.87) | ns |
| Hugdahl et al. (2004) | 12D:12HC | fMRI | Mental arithmetic | 22.6 (3.5)a | 32.8 (8) | Yes |
| Matsuo et al. (2007) | 15D:15HC | fMRI | N-back working memory (where n = 0, 1, 2) | 20.3 (5.3)a | 34.3 (11.5) | No |
| Okada et al. (2003) | 10D:10HC | fMRI | Verbal fluency (making words from Japanese phonetic characters) | 19a | 46.6 (7.9) | Yes |
| Remijnse et al. (2009) | 20D:27HC | fMRI | Reversal learning (learning from positive/negative feedback) | 19.1 (4.1)a | 35 | Yes |
| Taylor Tavares et al. (2008) | 13D:15HC | fMRI | Reversal learning (learning from positive/negative feedback) | 13 (1.6)a | 38.3 (2.3) | ns |
| Werner et al. (2009) | 11D:11HC | fMRI | Associative learning paradigm | 20.27 (8.74)c | 37.18 (10.35) | 8/11 on medication |
| Young et al. (2012) | 12D:14HC | fMRI | Recall of memory triggered by positive, negative, and neutral words | 21a (8.3) | 34 (11) | No |
| RESTING | ||||||
| Bench et al. (1992) | 23D:33HC | PET – C15O2 | Resting | 25 (4.1)a | 56.8 (12.8) | 19/33 on psychotrophic medication |
| Brody et al. (2001) | 14D:15HC | PET – 18F | Resting | 19.4 (5.4)a | 38.9 (11.4) | No |
| Drevets et al. (1992) | 13D:13HC | PET – [15O] H2O | Resting | 27.3 (4.6)a | 36.2 (8.9) | No |
| Duhameau et al. (2010) | 6D:6HC | ASL | Resting | 22.5 (4.97)a | 52.5 (8.67) | Yes |
| Greicius et al. (2007) | 28D:20HC | fMRI | Resting | 25.4 (4)a | 38.5 | 20/28 on medication |
| Ito et al. (1996) | 11D:9HC | SPECT – 99mTc HMPAO | Resting | 10.6 (7.9a | 66.6 (7.1) | Yes |
| Kennedy et al. (2001) | 13D:24HC | PET – 18F | Resting | >18a | 36 (10) | No |
| Kimbrell et al. (2002) | 37D:37HC | PET – 18F | Resting | 16.9a (8.3) | 43.4 (13) | Yes |
| Liu et al. (2010) | 15D:15HC | fMRI | Resting | 32.6a (6.5) | 29.13 (13.55) | No |
| Mayberg et al. (2005) | 6D:6HC | PET – [15O] H2O | Resting | 25.8a (2.8) | 46 (8) | Yes |
| MacHale et al. (2000) | 12D:15HC | fMRI | Resting | 24.0a | 44.3 (12.5) | 10/12 on medication |
| Monkul et al. (2012) | 20D:21HC | PET – [15O] H2O | Resting | >18a | 37.2 (13.6) | No |
| Oda et al. (2003) | 23D:13HC | SPECT – 99mTc ECD | Resting | 21.2 (13.7)a | 54.5 (7) | Yes |
| Peng et al. (2011) | 16D:16HC | fMRI | Resting | >20a | 34.1 (9.2) | No |
| Périco et al. (2005) | 15D:15HC | SPECT – 99mTc ECD | Resting | 26.9 (6.5)a | 34.5 (10.2) | Yes |
| Saxena et al. (2001) | 27D:17HC | PET – 18F | Resting | 20.8 (5)a | 38.2 (11.1) | Yes |
| Skaf et al. (2002) | 12D:12HC | SPECT – 99mTc ECD | Resting | 26.91 (6.52)a | 41.44 (10.67) | Yes |
| Veer et al. (2010) | 19D:19HC | fMRI | Resting | 14.21 (9.62)b | 36.2 (9.7) | No |
| Videbech et al. (2001) | 42D:47HC | PET – [15O] H2O | Resting | >17a | 41.9 (12.7) | No |
| Wu et al. (2011) | 22D:26HC | fMRI | Resting | 23.2 (4.8)a | 35 (13) | No |
| Yao et al. (2009) | 22D:26 HC | fMRI | Resting | <35a | 38.2 (10.2) | Yes |
aHAMD Scale 0–56;
bMADRS Scale 0–60;
cBDI Scale 0–63;
dCES-D Scale 0–60.
D, depressed patients; HC, healthy controls; IAP, international affective picture system; MDD, major depressive disorder; ns, not specified.
Mean patient age is the mean age of the depressed patients. SD is included in brackets if quoted. [15O] H2O, radioactively labeled water; 99mTc ECD, l,l-ethyl cysteinate dimmer labeled with technetium-99m; C15O2, carbon dioxide labeled with 15C; 99mTc HMPAO, hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime labeled with technetium-99m.