Table 1.
Authors | Subjects [age, M(male), F(female)] | Imaging Parameters | Image Analysis | Fornix-related Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rados et al., 2006 | 16 post-mortem fetal brains (10–30 weeks gestation) | T1 and T2 weighted MRI Nissl-staining | Visualization | Fornix at 10 weeks of gestational age. |
Huang et al., 2006 | 3 post-mortem fetal brains (19–20 weeks gestation) | 4.7 T (postmortem fœtus), 7 directions | Tractography, 4 tracts, 7 ROIs | Fornix such as cingulum already prominent during fetal stage, as early as 19 weeks of gestational age. |
3 female newborns | 1.5 T (living subjects), 30 directions, 1.88 mm slice (newborns) and 2.3 mm slice (children) | |||
3 children (5–6 years, 2M, 1F) | ||||
Huang et al., 2009 | 30 post-mortem fetal brains (13–22 weeks gestation); 3 brains per week | 11.7 T (13–16 weeks), 200–400 μm slice | 4 tracts and 7 ROIs | Fornix is the major tract at 13 weeks of gestational age although it is a small tract in adults |
4.7 T (≥17 weeks), 300–600 μm slice, 6 directions | ||||
Dubois et al., 2008 | 23 term born infants [10.3 ± 3.8 (3.9–18.4) maturational age; 12M, 11F] | 1.5 T, 14–30 directions, 2.5 mm slice | Tractography (12 ROIs) | ↑FA during first week of infancy |
↓MD and RD during first week of infancy | ||||
Hermoye et al., 2006 | 30 children [16 ± 16 months (0–4.5 years), 17M, 13F] | 1.5 T, 32 directions, 1.9 mm slice (newborns) and 2.3 mm slice (children) | 12 ROIs | Fornix present at birth and prominent compared to other brain structures |
Douet et al., 2014 | 972 children [12.03 ± 3.6 (3–20) years, 509 boys, 463 girls] | 3 T scanners (n = 10), 30 directions, 2.5 mm slice | 5 ROIs | ↑FA with age (max at 14.8 years) then plateau |
↑volume with age (max at 12.6 years) then decrease slightly | ||||
↑volume α ↑episodic memory | ||||
↑FA and ↓volume α ↓episodic memory in children with NRG1-TT-risk alleles for schizophrenia and psychosis | ||||
Simmonds et al., 2014 | 128 young adults [14.9 ± 4.2 (8–29) years, 61M, 67F] | 3 T, 6 directions, 1.56 mm slice | 42 ROIs | ↔FA for the body portion, ↑AxD and RD (+1–2% per year) after age 20 years ↑FA with age (13.1–16.4 years, +1–2% per year) for the crescent portion |
Rudebeck et al., 2009 | 25 Healthy Controls [25.3 ± 2.9 (22–31) years, 14M, 9F] | 3 T, Diffusion-weighted imaging | TBSS, VBM, 1 ROI | ↑FA α ↑episodic memory (recollection) Spatial recognition FA |
Lebel et al., 2012 | 403 [31.3 ± 21.5 (5–83) years, 195M, 208F] | 1.5 T, 6 directions, 3 mm slice | Tractography | Inverted U-shaped curve of FA with age (max at 19.5 years old); U-shaped curve for diffusivities (MD, RD, AxD) with age (min ~17.5 years old); Inverted U-shaped curve for volume (max 21.3 years) |
Sala et al., 2012 | 84 Healthy controls [44 (13–70) years, 36M, 48F] | 1.5 T, 12 directions, 4 mm slice | Automated atlas-based ROIs | Inverted U-shaped curve of FA with age; U-shaped curve for MD |
↑AxD and RD and ↓volume with age | ||||
Giorgio et al., 2010 | 66 adults [31M, 35F]- 35 young [23–40 years, 16M, 21F], 19 middle-age [41–60 years, 9M, 10F], 10 older [60–82 years, 6M, 4F]- | 1.5 T, 60 directions, 2.5 mm | TBSS, VBM | ↓volume in older adults compared to young and mid-adults |
Michielse et al., 2010 | 69 adults [46.9 ± 17.8 (22–84) years, 17M, 52F] | 1.5 T, 6 directions, 2 mm slice | 9 ROIs | Linear ↓volume and FA with age |
Tractography (crus only) | Linear ↓AxD and MD with age and RD ↔ | |||
No asymmetry with age | ||||
Lee et al., 2009 | 31 adults [36 (19–62) years, 15M, 16F] | 3 T, 32 directions, 2.5 mm slice | 14 Manual ROIs | No age-related changes in FA and ADC. |
No sex-difference | ||||
Stadlbauer et al., 2008 | 38 adults [49.6 ± 20.1 (18–88) years, 18M, 20F] | 3 T, 6 directions, 1.9 mm slice | Tractography | ↓FA with age (−2.1% per decade), |
↓number of tract | ||||
↑MD (4.2% per decade) | ||||
Pagani et al., 2008 | 84 adults [44 (13–70) years, 36M, 48F] | 1.5 T, 12 directions, 4 mm slice | VBM | ↓volume with age |
11 clusters | ||||
Zahr et al., 2009 | 24 adults- 12 young [25.5 ± 4.34 (29–33) years, 12 older adults [77.67 ± 4.94 (67–84) years- | 3 T, 15 directions, 2.5 mm slice | Tractography | ↓FA and ↑ADC, RD and AxD in older adults compared to young. ↑FA and ↓ADC correlate with ↑working memory, motor, problem solving scores |
8 ROIs | ||||
Sullivan et al., 2010 | 120 adults [48.3 ± 14.4 (20–81) years, 55M, 65F] | 1.5 T, 6 directions, 4 mm slice | Tractography | ↑ADC, RD, and AxD with age |
No changes in FA | ||||
Burzynska et al., 2010 | 143 adults—80 young [25.7 ± 3.2 (20–32) years, 45M, 35F], 63 older [64.8 ± 2.9 (60–71) years, 34M, 29F]- | 1.5 T, 12 directions, 2.5 mm slice | TBSS, VBM (body/colum and crus) | Body/column: ↓FA and ↑ diffusivities (MD, RD, and AxD) in older adults compared to young |
Crus: ↓FA and ↑RD and AxD in older adults compared to young | ||||
Jang et al., 2011 | 60 adults [49.2 (20–78) years, 30M, 30F]- young adults: 20–39 years, mid-adults: 40–59 years, older adults: 60–79 years- | 1.5 T, 32 directions, 2.3 mm slice | Tractography | ↓FA and ↑ADC with age |
3 ROIs (body, column and crus = 3parts) | ↓number of tract | |||
Sasson et al., 2013 | 52 adults [51 (25–82 years), 20M, 32F] | 3 T, 19 directions, 2.5 mm slice | Tractography, VBA | ↓FA and ↑AxD with age |
Pelletier et al., 2013 | 129 Healthy controls [73.9 years, ≥65 years, 68M, 61F] | 3 T, 21 directions, 2.5 mm slice | TBSS and 2 ROIs | ↓FA with age; FA as a predictor of age |
↑FA α ↑ hippocampal volume | ||||
Vernooij et al., 2008 | 832 Healthy controls [73.9 ± 4.8 years, ≥55 years, 413M, 419F] | 1.5 T, 25 directions, 2.5 mm slice | TBSS | ↓ Volume, ↓FA, ↑AxD and RD with age |
Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2011 | 46 adults [67.9 ± 8.6 (53–93) years, 21M, 25F] | 3 T, 30 directions, 2.4 mm slice | Tractography | ↓FA with age |
4 ROIs | ↑FA α ↑episodic memory | |||
Fletcher et al., 2013 | 102 [73 ± 6.4 years, 20 converters to MCI, and 82 non converters] | 1.5 T, 6 directions, 1.5 mm slice | 1 manual ROI (body only) | ↓FA and volume with age |
Yasmin et al., 2009 | 100 adults [58 ± 11 (40–84) years, 50M, 50F] | 3 T, 13 directions, 2.5 mm slice | 8 ROIs | ↓FA and ↑MD with age |
α, correlate; T, Tesla; ROI, Region of Interest; FA, fractional anisotropy; MD, Mean Diffusivity; AxD, Axial diffusivity; RD, Radial diffusivity.
VBM, voxel based morphometry; TBSS, Tract based spatial statistics.