Table 4.

Misdiagnosis of 11 patients.

Case no./References	Bone and joints	Misdiagnosis	Delay time	Treatment before diagnosis	Method of definite diagnosis	Treatment after diagnosis	Outcome
22/Matsushita and Suzuki, 1985	T9, T10, T11	Metastatic cancer	7 months	Irradiation ATT, immobilization	Histopathology	Surgery, 5-FC+AMB	Response
		Tuberculosis
28/Baldwin et al., 1988	Right ilium	Musculoskeletal pain	6 weeks	Acetaminophen	Histopathology culture	Surgery, AMB504 mg+5-FC224 g	Response
29/Govender et al., 1988	Left femur	Bacterial osteomyelitis	NA	Antibiotics immobilization	Culture	Surgery	Response
32/Stead et al., 1988	Left elbow, right knee and right elbow	Tuberculosis	18 weeks	ATT, antibiotics, physiotherapy	Culture	Surgery AMB+ketoconazole	Response
48/Schmidt et al., 1995	Left femur, skull, left humerus, C5, C6	Tuberculosis	16 days	ATT	Culture	AMB+5-FC+Flu	Response
54/Liu, 1998	Right humerus right tibia	Bacterial infection	>1 months	Incision and drainage	Histopathology culture	Surgery+AMB	Failure
57/Jain et al., 1999	T6	Tuberculosis	>3 months	ATT	Histopathology culture	AMB+5-FC	Response
60/Prendiville et al., 2000	Sphenoid sinus, skull base	Tolosa-Hunt syndrome	>2 months	Prednisone	Histopathology culture	Surgery+Flu+AMB	Response
65/Gupta et al., 2003	T1, T2, T3	Tuberculosis	NA	ATT	Histopathology	Surgery	Failure
69/Goldshteyn et al., 2006	Left humeral head	An avascular necrosis		NSAIDs	Culture	AMB+Flu	Response
77/Agadi et al., 2010	L5, sternum	Tuberculosis	NA	ATT	Histopathology culture	AMB	Failure
82/Corral et al., 2011	Right parietal bone	Soft tissue infection	>10 months	Antibiotics	Histopathology culture	Surgery+AMB+Flu	Response
88/Jain et al., 2013	Sternal	Gastroesophageal reflux disease	NA	Antacids	Histopathology culture	Surgery+Flu+AMB+5-FC	Response

ATT, antituberculosis therapy; 5-FC, 5-fluorocytosine; AMB, amphotericin B; NA, not available; Flu, fluconazole; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications.