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Proposed model of curli-induced IL-1β secretion. Curli fibers stimulate the TLR2/TLR1 heterocomplex, which causes activation of NF-κB and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including pro-IL-1β and IL-6. Upon activation, TLR2/TLR1 are internalized, leading to endocytosis of the curli fibers, where they can activate NLRP3 and caspase 1. Caspase 1 then cleaves pro-IL-1β to IL-1β, which is secreted into the extracellular space.
