Table 2.
Sex-related differences in porcine large animal model compared with reported human data*
| Measured factor | Parameter | Porcine (mean ± SD) | Human (published data) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Number | Reference | |||
| Bicondylar width (mm) | Females | 41.5 ± 2.0 | 67.8 ± 4.3 | 10 | Lipps et al. [32] |
| Males | 44.5 ± 1.9 | 73.8 ± 3.9 | 10 | ||
| Ratio | 0.93 | 0.92 | |||
| Effect size | −1.53 | −1.46 | |||
| Notch width (mm) | Females | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 20.5† | 50 | Anderson et al. [3] |
| Males | 9.5 ± 0.6 | 23.7† | 50 | ||
| Ratio | 0.79 | 0.86 | |||
| Effect size | −2.78 | ǂ | |||
| Notch width index | Females | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.30† | 50 | Anderson et al. [3] |
| Males | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.31† | 50 | ||
| Ratio | 0.84 | 0.98 | |||
| Effect size | −2.00 | ǂ | |||
| Medial tibial slope (degrees) | Females | 31.1 ± 4.1 | 6.8 ± 3.6 | 27 | Hashemi et al. [25] |
| Males | 27.8 ± 4.6 | 5.6 ± 2.7 | 22 | ||
| Ratio | 1.12 | 1.15 | |||
| Effect size | 0.77 | 0.28 | |||
| Lateral tibial slope (degrees) | Females | 37.1 ± 3.5 | 8.4 ± 2.8 | 27 | Hashemi et al. [25] |
| Males | 32.8 ± 4.3 | 7.2 ± 2.7 | 22 | ||
| Ratio | 1.13 | 1.16 | |||
| Effect size | 1.09 | 0.44 | |||
| ACL length (mm2) | Females | 28.2 ± 2.1 | 27.0 ± 2.9 | 9 | Chandrashekar et al. [13] |
| Males | 30.9 ± 2.9 | 29.6 ± 2.7 | 8 | ||
| Ratio | 0.91 | 0.91 | |||
| Effect size | −1.05 | −0.91 | |||
| ACL area (mm2) | Females | 19.6 ± 4.4 | 57.3 ± 15.7 | 9 | Chandrashekar et al. [13] |
| Males | 26.5 ± 4.9 | 72.9 ± 18.9 | 8 | ||
| Ratio | 0.74 | 0.78 | |||
| Effect size | −1.48 | −0.89 | |||
| ACL volume (mm3) | Females | 558.5 ± 158.2 | 1996 ± 530 | 9 | Chandrashekar et al. [13] |
| Males | 824.7 ± 206.3 | 2722 ± 708 | 8 | ||
| Ratio | 0.68 | 0.73 | |||
| Effect size | −1.45 | −1.16 | |||
| Medial femoral cartilage thickness (mm) | Females | 1.50 ± 0.42 | 1.29 ± 0.28 | 40 | Otterness and Eckstein [46] |
| Males | 1.86 ± 0.16 | 1.71 ± 0.35 | 57 | ||
| Ratio | 0.80 | 0.75 | |||
| Effect size | −1.13 | −1.32 | |||
| Medial tibial cartilage thickness (mm) | Females | 1.06 ± 0.22 | 1.57 ± 0.25 | 40 | |
| Males | 1.07 ± 0.30 | 1.88 ± 0.26 | 57 | ||
| Ratio | 1.00 | 0.84 | |||
| Effect size | −0.04 | −1.22 | |||
| ACL yield load (N) | Females | 1244 ± 320 | 1266 ± 527 | 9 | Chandrashekar et al. [13] |
| Males | 1519 ± 137 | 1818 ± 699 | 8 | ||
| Ratio | 0.81 | 0.69 | |||
| Effect size | −1.12 | −0.89 | |||
| Knee AP laxity | Females | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 13.5 ± 3.6 | 10 | Shultz et al. [53] |
| Males | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 10.6 ± 1.2 | 10 | ||
| Ratio | 1.32 | 1.27 | |||
| Effect size | 1.10 | −1.08 | |||
* Female:male ratio and effect size values for humans are calculated based on reported data; †no SD was reported in the reference; ǂeffect size was not calculated because the SD was not reported in the reference.