Table 3.
Simulated* Impact by Population Characteristic
| Population Characteristic | Population (1,000's) | Percent with Expense | Mean per Person with Expense | Total Expense ($ millions) | Source of Payment (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Out of Pocket | Public | Private | |||||
| Total | 85,369 | 74.2 [65.3] | 2,321 [2,049] | 146,975 [114,161] | 40.8 [55.6] | 10.5 [6.5] | 48.8 [38.0] |
| Age in years | |||||||
| 55–64 | 40,334 | 72.8 [69.3] | 2,425 [2,325] | 71,239 [64,982] | 38.4 [42.4] | 9.2 [3.8] | 52.4 [53.8] |
| 65–69 | 15,681 | 77.1 [65.4] | 2,626 [2,019] | 31,745 [20,713] | 40.6 [67.03] | 10.0 [10.0] | 49.4 [22.9] |
| 70–74 | 10,966 | 75.3 [61.9] | 2,034 [1,703] | 16,799 [11,554] | 47.3 [73.1] | 12.4 [11.8] | 40.3 [15.1] |
| 75–79 | 7,632 | 74.9 [61.9] | 1,864 [1,569] | 10,659 [7,410] | 48.7 [79.0] | 11.2 [11.2] | 40.0 [9.8] |
| 80–84 | 5,331 | 74.7 [57.8] | 2,127 [1,574] | 8,465 [4,853] | 40.2 [80.7] | 11.4 [8.4] | 48.3 [10.9] |
| 85 and older | 5,425 | 71.6 [53.8] | 2,076 [1,593] | 8,068 [4,649] | 39.4 [79.2] | 17.0 [8.1] | 43.5 [12.7] |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 39,432 | 72.6 [63.9] | 2,293 [2,054] | 65,689 [51,754] | 39.9 [53.0] | 10.2 [7.1] | 49.9 [39.9] |
| Female | 45,937 | 75.5 [66.4] | 2,345 [2,045] | 81,286 [62,407] | 41.5 [57.8] | 10.6 [6.0] | 47.8 [36.2] |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 7,563 | 54.3 [45.1] | 1,864 [1,650] | 7,651 [5,634] | 32.4 [46.0] | 24.7 [15.9] | 42.9 [38.1] |
| Hispanic | 5,689 | 63.3 [50.1] | 2,430 [2,053] | 8,745 [5,854] | 37.9 [54.9] | 21.6 [10.6] | 40.4 [34.5] |
| White non-Hispanic | 70,104 | 77.3 [68.9] | 2,347 [2,069] | 127,178 [99,876] | 41.5 [56.3] | 8.8 [5.7] | 49.7 [38.0] |
| Other | 2,013 | 70.3 [58.7] | 2,404 [2,366] | 3,401 [2,797] | 40.3 [52.3] | 11.7 [7.2] | 47.9 [40.5] |
| Poverty status† | |||||||
| Poor | 7,144 | 54.4 [38.5] | 2,112 [1,366] | 8,214 [3,756] | 24.2 [58.7] | 64.5 [16.9] | 11.3 [24.4] |
| Low income | 13,329 | 62.5 [47.3] | 1,950 [1,524] | 16,257 [9,619] | 38.5 [73.4] | 24.9 [9.0] | 36.6 [17.6] |
| Middle income | 24,646 | 70.6 [59.9] | 2,025 [1,742] | 35,250 [25,725] | 43.0 [63.2] | 5.0 [6.7] | 51.9 [30.1] |
| High income | 40,250 | 83.7 [79.2] | 2,591 [2,353] | 87,254 [75,062] | 41.8 [50.4] | 4.9 [5.6] | 53.3 [44.0] |
| Region | |||||||
| Northeast | 14,319 | 77.8 [67.9] | 2,314 [2,150] | 25,775 [20,909] | 44.8 [59.0] | 8.8 [6.4] | 46.4 [34.5] |
| Midwest | 22,282 | 79.0 [71.1] | 2,002 [1,734] | 35,255 [27,455] | 38.2 [52.8] | 7.8 [3.6] | 54.0 [43.6] |
| South | 16,615 | 78.0 [71.0] | 2,722 [2,438] | 35,288 [28,757] | 46.1 [59.2] | 11.1 [8.1] | 42.8 [32.8] |
| West | 32,153 | 67.2 [57.1] | 2,345 [2,017] | 50,657 [37,040] | 36.9 [53.0] | 12.7 [7.6] | 50.4 [39.4] |
| Health status | |||||||
| Fair/poor | 23,215 | 60.3 [46.8] | 2,413 [2,126] | 33,773 [23,092] | 38.4 [59.6] | 17.1 [8.8] | 44.5 [31.6] |
| Good | 27,053 | 75.7 [66.7] | 2,110 [1,891] | 43,207 [34,101] | 44.1 [59.3] | 9.0 [5.0] | 46.9 [35.8] |
| Very good/excellent | 35,101 | 82.2 [76.4] | 2,427 [2,124] | 69,995 [56,968] | 39.9 [51.8] | 8.2 [6.5] | 51.9 [41.7] |
| Wealth status | |||||||
| 1–3 | 24,146 | 54.1 [42.3] | 1,767 [1,581] | 23,065 [16,139] | 35.8 [51.6] | 21.8 [10.8] | 42.4 [37.5] |
| 4–6 | 25,748 | 73.1 [63.7] | 2,251 [2,011] | 42,374 [32,978] | 38.2 [51.3] | 8.9 [5.1] | 52.9 [43.6] |
| 7–9 | 26,747 | 87.4 [80.5] | 2,490 [2,165] | 58,228 [46,592] | 42.4 [57.0] | 8.7 [6.1] | 48.9 [37.0] |
| 10 | 8,728 | 92.2 [87.0] | 2,898 [2,428] | 23,308 [18,452] | 46.3 [63.5] | 6.6 [6.5] | 47.1 [30.0] |
| Retirement status | |||||||
| Fully retired | 40,600 | 73.2 [60.4] | 2,069 [1,716] | 61,474 [42,102] | 43.1 [69.5] | 13.1 [8.8] | 43.8 [21.7] |
| Partly retired | 9,396 | 77.4 [69.9] | 2,524 [2,211] | 18,358 [14,520] | 42.6 [56.1] | 10.0 [8.3] | 47.4 [35.5] |
| Not retired, in the labor force | 26,822 | 76.7 [74.3] | 2,539 [2,416] | 52,217 [48,162] | 40.3 [44.0] | 4.2 [2.5] | 55.5 [53.5] |
| Not retired, not in the labor force | 8,551 | 67.3 [54.8] | 2,592 [1,999] | 14,926 [9,376] | 30.7 [51.6] | 22.1 [13.8] | 47.3 [34.5] |
| Education | |||||||
| Some or no school | 50,002 | 73.8 [65.3] | 2,284 [2,003] | 84,247 [65,412] | 40.9 [56.2] | 10.1 [6.1] | 49.0 [37.7] |
| High school graduate | 14,319 | 53.2 [35.2] | 1,711 [1,403] | 13,025 [7,081] | 33.5 [63.1] | 23.1 [12.6] | 43.4 [24.4] |
| College graduate | 21,048 | 89.4 [85.6] | 2,643 [2,312] | 49,703 [41,668] | 42.5 [53.4] | 7.7 [6.1] | 49.7 [40.5] |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Widowed, divorced | 3,464 | 72.2 [65.9] | 2,026 [1,686] | 5,065 [3,847] | 40.8 [57.3] | 19.2 [12.6] | 40.0 [30.1] |
| Never married | 27,909 | 68.0 [55.5] | 2,233 [1,881] | 42,381 [29,118] | 38.1 [60.5] | 16.5 [7.8] | 45.3 [31.7] |
| Married | 53,996 | 77.5 [70.3] | 2,380 [2,139] | 99,530 [81,195] | 41.9 [53.7] | 7.4 [5.8] | 50.7 [40.5] |
Pre- and Postsimulation Dental Expense and Payment Sources by Population Characteristics, Civilian, Noninstitutionalized Persons 55 and Older, U.S., 2013–2015: Presimulation Results in Brackets (Dental Expense in Real $2008) Based on a sample of 14,188 persons from the 2008 HRS who were 55 and older, with positive-valued weights, and without any missing data. The sample was calibrated to Census estimates of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population as of July 2008 by age and sex [23] and then projected to 2015 based on Census projections of the resident population of the United States between 2008 and 2015 by age and sex [24]. The all items CPI-U increased at an annual average rate of 1.023% between July 2008 and July 2012 (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012). Extrapolating this rate to July 2015 converts 2015 expenses in real 2008 dollars in our tables to nominal 2015 values by a factor of 1.073846 or by almost 7.4%. See the Methods section above. Rounding accounts for any sums not equal to totals. Wealth status categories represent household wealth deciles from lowest (1-3) to highest (10).
Low income refers to persons in families with incomes 101% to 200% of the poverty line; middle income, 201% to 400% of the poverty line; and high income >400% of the poverty line. Poor persons were at or <100% of the poverty line, including persons in families with negative income.