Table 6.

Psychosocial Factors in Diabetic and Control Patients

	Control	Diabetes
	Baseline (Mean ± SD) Follow-up (Mean ± SD)	Baseline (Mean ± SD) Follow-up (Mean ± SD)
PSS1	2.0 ± 0.48	2.0 ± 0.37
	2.1 ± 0.27	2.3 ± 0.60
CESD2	1.2 ± 0.26	1.3 ± 0.27
	1.3 ± 0.26	1.3 ± 0.22
Brief COPE3
Self-distraction	1.9 ± 1.01	1.6 ± 0.49
	1.7 ± 0.71	1.8 ± 0.88
Active coping	2.3 ± 0.97	2.3 ± 1.01
	2.6 ± 0.87	2.5 ± 0.96
Denial	1.3 ± 0.67	1.2 ± 0.37
	1.1 ± 0.27	1.2 ± 0.22
Substance use	1.1 ± 0.37	1.1 ± 0.29
	1.1 ± 0.37	1.0 ± 0.00
Use of emotional support	2.0 ± 1.0	2.3 ± 0.99
	2.0 ± 0.92	2.2 ± 0.69
Use of instrumental support	1.8 ± 0.96	2.0 ± 0.87
	1.8 ± 0.96	2.0 ± 0.87
Behavioral disengagement	1.5 ± 1.43	1.4 ± 0.66
	1.2 ± 0.49	1.1 ± 0.28
Venting	1.8 ± 0.91	1.8 ± 0.64
	1.7 ± 0.55	a1.3 ± 0.43
Positive reframing	2.4 ± 1.06	2.6 ± 1.04
	2.3 ± 0.96	2.2 ± 0.85
Planning	2.3 ± 1.20	2.3 ± 0.77
	2.3 ± 1.05	2.3 ± 1.16
Humor	2.2 ± 1.13	1.6 ± 0.77
	2.0 ± 1.04	1.4 ± 0.68
Acceptance	2.1 ± 0.93	2.7 ± 1.17
	2.2 ± 0.97	2.3 ± 0.99
Religion	1.8 ± 1.06	a2.7 ± 1.19
	2.1 ± 1.0	b2.3 ± 1.10
Self-blame	1.4 ± 0.51	a1.8 ± 0.72
	1.5 ± 0.66	1.8 ± 0.78

SD: Standard deviation; repeated measurement ANOVAs used for the dependent variables PSS and CESD, and repeated measurementMANOVA for the Brief-COPE scores.

¹The answers range from 1 = never to 5 = always

²The answers range from 1 = hardly ever, 2 = some of the time, 3 = most of the time

³The answers range from 1 = I haven't been doing this at all, 2 = a little, 3 = medium amount, and 4 = a lot

^aSignificant difference between groups (p<0.05)

^bSignificant difference within group over time (p<0.05)