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. 2014 Sep 11;95(1):129–140. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20140218

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Figure 1. — Conceptual model for effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), showing the expected outcomes and mechanisms by which those outcomes will be assessed. A combination of functional tests, pain physiology assessments, and patient-reported outcomes will be used to provide a complete picture of the effectiveness of the use of TENS in patients with fibromyalgia. BPI=Brief Pain Inventory, NRS=numeric rating scale, PROMIS=Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, SF-36=36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, FIQR=Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, TSK=Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, 6MWT=Six-Minute Walk Test, FTSTS=Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test, PPT=pressure pain threshold, CPM/DNIC=conditioned pain modulation (diffuse noxious inhibitory control), MAF=Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue, QOL=quality of life, FRT=Functional Reach Test.