IMMUNE MODULATOR |
Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and 4) |
inflammation modulation via nuclear factor- kappaB, chemokine secretion and MAPK signaling |
in vitro |
Ji et al., 2011; Ji et al., 2010; Geng et al., 2010; Su et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2010; Meng et al., 2013
|
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) |
foam cell formation, LDL receptor, chemokine and MMP-2 expression |
in vitro & mouse model |
Yu et al., 2011; Ma et al., 2013a; Wang et al., 2013b
|
C-C chemokine receptor type 2 CCR2 |
monocyte chemotaxis |
mouse model |
Leuschner et al., 2011; Majmudar et al., 2013) |
Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) Receptor 1 (CX3CR1) |
inflammation (TNF-alpha) and remodeling (MMP-9), EC to dendritic cell interaction |
in vitro |
Butoi et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011
|
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7) |
inflammation, chemotaxis (sdf-1) |
in vitro |
Ma et al., 2013b) |
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Transducers (protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE-1) |
inflammation, leukocyte adhesion (ICAM-1, P-Selectin) |
in vitro |
Luo et al., 2013; Yao et al., 2013; Moreno et al., 2013
|
S100 alarmin S100A9 |
neutrophil activity, macrophage vesicle calcification, SMC differentiation |
in vitro |
New et al., 2013; Inaba et al., 2009
|
LIPID METABOLISM |
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) |
oxLDL internalization and degradation |
in vitro |
Wang et al., 2013a; Zhang et al., 2013b
|
Apolipoprotein B (apoB) |
lipoprotein shuttling |
mouse model |
Tadin-Strapps et al., 2011) |
REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES |
NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), NADPH oxidase, EF-hand calcium binding domain 5 (Nox5) |
leukocyte adhesion, chemokine ligand expression |
in vitro |
Gray et al., 2013; Bayat et al., 2012; Rius et al., 2013
|
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS |
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) |
Il-17 induced VCAM expression in VSMC |
in vitro |
Zhang et al., 2013a |
Kruppel Like Factor 4 (KLF4) |
SMC differentiation (Myocd) |
in vitro |
Turner et al., 2013 |
MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPs) |
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP−2/−9) |
ECM remodeling, migration, apoptosis |
in vitro |
Johnson et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012; Kowluru et al., 2011
|
PROTEIN KINASES |
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) |
proinflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, oxLDL uptake, proliferation |
in vitro |
Li et al., 2010 |
C-Jun |
IL-6 and RANKL signaling |
in vitro |
Zhang et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2010
|
c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK, JNK2) |
serum amyloid A signaling, EC alignment, NF-kB signaling, SMC migration and pro- liferation |
in vitro |
Dong et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Hahn et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Shyu et al., 2012
|
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase family (p38 MAPK) |
LDL accumulation in macrophages, PPAR- gamma expression |
in vitro |
Mei et al., 2012 |
Protein kinase C (PKC) - (PKCα/β/δ) |
SMC adhesion, migration, CD36 expres- sion, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, IL-6), apoptosis |
in vitro |
Jialal & Devaraj, 2012; Jialal et al., 2013a; Jialal et al., 2013b; Karunakaran et al., 2013; Larroque-Cardoso et al., 2013
|
Janus kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) |
cholesterol flux in macrophages |
in vitro |
Mo et al., 2011; Park et al., 2013b
|
CELL SURFACE MOLECULES/MEMBRANE RECEPTORS/MEMBRANE ASSOCIATED PRO TEINS |
Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (PECAM-1 or CD31) and Fibronectin (FN) |
VCAM-1 expression, NF-kB signaling |
in vitro |
Wang et al., 2011; Feaver et al., 2010
|
Eph receptors Ephrin A2 (EphA2) and Ephrin A4 (EphA4) |
VCAM-1 expression; monocyte adhesion, EC stress fiber formation |
in vitro |
Funk et al., 2012; Jellinghaus et al., 2013
|
Caveolin (Cav-1) |
cholesterol flux in macrophages, macrophage differentiation. ICAM expression, proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1beta), EC tube formation |
in vitro |
Hu et al., 2010; Fu et al., 2012; Jagielska et al., 2012
|