Table 4.

Influence of soil S application on pathogen development of different host pathogen interactions.

Host	Pathogen	Pathogen classification1	Lifestyle	Trial2	S-fertilization	Change in pathogen development	References
CONFIRMED SIR
Brassica napus L.	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	A	necrotrophic (heterotrophic)	PT	120 mg S kg−1 soil	Disease index (DI) was reduced by 5% in comparison to a control without S application	Wang et al., 2003
Zea mays	Bipolaris maydis (Southern leaf blight)	A	necrotrophic	PT	120 mg S kg−1 soil	DI was reduced by 37% in comparison to a control without S application	Wang et al., 2003
Brassica napus L.	Botrytis cinerea (Gray mold)	A	necrotrophic	VWC	0.5 mM MgSO4	Lesions were 24-times larger in S-starved plants of cultivar Express and 3.7-fold larger in cultivar Bienvenue	Dubuis et al., 2005
Brassica napus L.	Leptosphaeria maculans	A	facultative necrotrophic, initially biotrophic	VWC	0.5 mM MgSO4	Lesions were 1.9-times larger in S-starved plants (cultivar Bienvenue)	Dubuis et al., 2005
Arabidopsis thaliana	Alternaria brassicicola	A	necrotrophic	WC	50 μM vs. 500 μM SO4	DNA from A. brassicicola was 3-time more abundant on plants grown on 50μM SO4 in comparison to plants grown on 500μM	Kruse et al., 2012
Brassica napus L.	Pyrenopeziza brassicae	A	hemi-biotrophic	FT	Plots with and without S fertilization	A non-resistant and a resistant oilseed rape variety were compared with and without S application and fungicide treatment: the non-resistant variety showed a much stronger response to fungicide under S deficiency	Schnug et al., 1995
Solanum lycopersicum L.	Verticillium dahliae	A	hemi-biotrophic	WC	0.016 mM vs. 25 mM K2SO4	Supra-optimal S supply significantly reduced the number of infected cells and the amount of V. dahliae gDNA in vascular tissue of the hypocotyl	Bollig et al., 2013
Vitis vinifera L.	Uncinula necator	A	obligate biotrophic	FT	250 or 500 kg S0 ha−1 (soil applied)	Proportion of infected leaves and berries decreased by more than 80% with soil S application	Haneklaus et al., 2007
Solanum tuberosum L.	Rhizoctonia solani	B	necrotrophic	FT	50 kg S0 ha−1 (soil applied)	Soil applied S0 reduced infection rate by 41% in comparison to control without S application	Klikocka et al., 2005
Triticum aestivum L.	Rhizoctonia cerealis	B	necrotrophic	PT	120 mg S kg−1 soil	DI was reduced by 44% in comparison to a control without S application	Wang et al., 2003
Brassica napus L.	Peronospora parasitica	O	obligate biotrophic	FT	100 kg S ha−1	Decrease in disease incidence and severity was found	Salac et al., 2005
Brassica napus L.	Phytophthora brassicae	O	hemi-biotrophic	VWC	0.5 mM MgSO4	Lesions were 3.3-times larger in S-starved plants of cultivar Express	Dubuis et al., 2005
CONFLICTING RESULTS OF S FERTILIZATION ON PATHOGEN DEVELOPMENT
Gossypium L.	Fusarium oxisporum (Fusarium wilt)	A	necrotrophic	PT	160 mg S kg−1 soil	DI was reduced by 8% in comparison to a control; with all other S rates (40, 80, 120 mg S kg−1 soil) DI was higher than in the control	Wang et al., 2003
Brassica napus L.	Leptosphaeria maculans	A	facultative necrotrophic, initially biotrophic	FT	100 kg S ha−1	Depending on season, year and site controversial effects on disease incidence and severity were found	Salac et al., 2005
Gossypium L.	Verticillium dahliae	A	hemi-biotrophic	PT	40 mg S kg−1 soil	DI was reduced by 47% in comparison to a control, but with higher S application rates DI increased again and was significantly higher than in the control when 160 mg S kg−1 soil were applied	Wang et al., 2003
Brassica napus L.	Pyrenopeziza brassicae	A	hemi-biotrophic	FT	100 kg S ha−1	Depending on season, year and site controversial effects on disease incidence and severity were found	Salac et al., 2005

¹Pathogen classification: A, Ascomycete; B, Basidiomycete; O, Oomycete.

²Trial: PT, Pot trial; WC, Water culture; FT, Field trial; VWC, Vermiculite water culture.