Figure 1.

Neuroinflammation in TBI.

Notes: After TBI, anticell-survival neuroinflammation (red line) ensues in both acute and chronic stage (A). Endogenous procell-survival neuroinflammation (green solid line) also initiates during the acute stage but is short-acting, and thus not able to protect the brain, especially during the chronic stage of TBI. Treatment interventions (green dashed line) targeting acute (B) and chronic (C) stages of TBI by enhancing procell-survival neuroinflammation pathways can be approached via pharmacologic and stem cell-based therapies. Green arrow indicates the treatment initiation.

Abbreviation: TBI, traumatic brain injury.