. 2015 Jan 9;8:29–43. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S44352

Table 2.

Recent controlled trials of CBT in diabetes

Reference	Numbers of subjects	Type of diabetes	Age of subjects	Format	Program delivered by	Duration of follow-up	Outcomes
Reference	Numbers of subjects	Type of diabetes	Age of subjects	Format	Program delivered by	Duration of follow-up	Coping behaviors	Psychological well-being	Glycemic control
van der Ven et al³³	88	1	20–60 years	Group CBT: cognitive restructuring and individual goal setting. Six 2 h weekly sessions	Diabetes nurse and psychologist together	3 months	Self-efficacy and self-care behavior improved	Diabetes distress and mood improved	No improvement in HbA_1c
Snoek et al³⁴	86	1	Adults	Six weekly group sessions of CBT or BGAT	Diabetes nurse educator and psychologist together	12 months	More insulin dose self-adjustment in both groups	Both interventions lowered depression scores	No difference in HbA_1c
Amsberg et al³⁵	94	1	Adults	Eight weekly 2-h group sessions. CGMS for biofeedback. Structured maintenance program over weeks 9–48	Diabetes nurse and psychologist (trained in CBT) together	48 weeks	Self-monitoring of blood glucose frequency P<0.05. More avoidance of hypoglycemia	Well-being, stress, anxiety, and depression improved: each P<0.05. Distress P<0.01	HbA_1c improved (P<0.05). More mild hypoglycemia with CBT
Lehmkuhl et al¹¹¹	32	1	Child–parent dyads	Telehealth behavior therapy	Via web link	12 weeks		Youth perceptions of their behavior improved
Ismail et al,²² Ridge et al²³	344, 260 completed long-term follow-up	1	18–65 years	Four sessions of MET vs 4 sessions MET + 8 sessions CBT vs usual care	Nurse delivered	4 years	No improvement	No improvement	MET + CBT better at 1 year (HbA_1c −0.46%) but not at 2, 3, and 4 years
Karlsen et al³⁶	63	1 and 2	25–70 years	Group CBT: cognitive restructuring and problem solving vs waiting list controls	Nurses	6 months	Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping did not improve	Diabetes stress and self-blame reduced. Well-being did not improve
Gregg et al³⁷	81	2	Adults	7-h education vs 4-h education + 3 h ACT	Psychologist	3 months	Increased use of acceptance and mindfulness coping and better diabetes self-care		Greater HbA_1c reduction with ACT P=0.009
Forlani et al³⁸	822	2	Adults	12–15 group sessions CBT (2 h) vs 4 sessions diet education vs simple prescriptive diet	Two sessions given by psychologist	4 years			Significant weight loss, better glycemic control, and less need for insulin in both structured programs
Welschen et al³⁹	154	2	18–75 years	Intervention group received 3–6 CBT sessions each 30 min	Nurses and dietitians	6–12 months	Physical activity increased	QoL and depression improved	No improvement in HbA_1c

Abbreviations: ACT, acceptance and commitment therapy; BGAT, blood glucose awareness training; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; CGMS, continuous glucose monitoring system; MET, motivational enhancement; HbA_1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; QoL, quality of life.