T84-cell adherence and biofilm formation of C227-11; mutants C227-11/pAA−, C227-11aggR, C227-11aggA, and C227-11sepA; and complemented strains C227-11aggR(pACYCaggR) and C227-11aggA(pBADaggDCBA). A, Adherence of C227-11 and mutants to T84-cell monolayers after incubation for 3 hours. *P < .05, by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Tukey correction, for comparison between wild-type and mutant strains. **P < .001 for comparison between C227-11aggR and the complemented strain. B–E, Quantification of biofilm formation over 20 hours by C227-11 and mutants (B; **P < .001, by ANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test, between wild-type and all mutant strains), C227-11aggR and C227-11aggR(pACYCaggR) (C), C227-11aggA and C227-11aggA(pBADaggDCBA) (***P < .0001, by an unpaired t test with the Welch correction; D), and DH5α(pBAD) or DH5α(pBADaggDCBA) (E). F, Scanning electron microscopy of DH5α(pBAD) and DH5α(pBADaggDCBA) grown overnight on glass coverslips. Bars represent an average of ≥3 separate experiments with each done in triplicate. Error bars represent 1 SD. Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.