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The schematic presentation shows Shh-Ptc1-Gli1 signaling pathway in normal (Left) condition and disease (right) conditions. In general, Shh binds Ptc, which activates and promotes the effecter Gli1. Gli1 enters the nucleus and binds to Ptc promoter and proliferative genes. Excessive Aβ in AD brains promotes and activates GSK-3β, which inhibits Gli1 and, in turn, decreased the transcription of Ptc and proliferative genes.
