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. 2014 Dec 10;4(3):481–493. doi: 10.1159/000368189

Table 4.

Prediction of all-cause dementia by specific leisure activities separately entered as categorical variables of frequency (adjusted for depressive symptoms, social support, and covariates, i.e., age, sex, education, ApoE4, MMSE, and IADL)

Never, ref. Less than once a week Once a week Several times a week Daily
Physical activities
 Bicycling 1.00 0.74 (0.34 – 1.61) 0.60 (0.22 – 1.66) 0.64 (0.36 – 1.12) 0.61 (0.31 – 1.21)
 Walkinga 1.00 0.54* (0.33 – 0.87) 0.64 (0.36 – 1.15) 1.00 (0.69 – 1.44) 0.58* (0.35 – 0.98)
 Swimming 1.00 0.71 (0.40 – 1.27) 0.78 (0.36 – 1.67) 0.46 (0.11 – 1.85) 0.00 (0.00 – 1.553E+101b)
 Gymnastics 1.00 1.47 (0.74 – 2.93) 1.29 (0.79 – 2.09) 0.93 (0.56 – 1.55) 0.80 (0.55 – 1.18)
 Chores/gardeningc 1.00 1.17 (0.63 – 2.18) 0.41 (0.13 – 1.32) 0.91 (0.58 – 1.42) 0.52*** (0.37 – 0.73)
 Others 1.00 0.34* (0.14 – 0.82) 0.55 (0.18 – 1.73) 0.23 (0.03 – 1.67) 1.42 (0.52 – 3.86)
Cognitive activities
 Crossword puzzling 1.00 0.79 (0.42 – 1.50) 1.57 (0.92 – 2.67) 0.85 (0.56 – 1.27) 0.73 (0.51 – 1.04)
 Memory training/brainteasers 1.00 0.68 (0.32 – 1.45) 0.75 (0.33 – 1.70) 0.59 (0.26 – 1.33) 0.25* (0.08 – 0.78)
 Games 1.00 0.84 (0.55 – 1.29) 0.89 (0.51 – 1.53) 1.08 (0.62 – 1.90) 0.98 (0.46 – 2.11)
 Reading 1.00 1.75 (0.55 – 5.53) 0.79 (0.20 – 3.11) 0.97 (0.41 – 2.30) 0.75 (0.35 – 1.62)
 Writing 1.00 1.02 (0.75 – 1.40) 0.73 (0.38 – 1.43) 0.85 (0.38 – 1.88) 0.84 (0.30 – 2.33)
 Playing music 1.00 0.73 (0.29 – 1.79) 0.74 (0.23 – 2.39) 0.00 (0.00 – 2.563E–107b) 1.16 (0.28 – 4.74)
Social activities
 Taking care of others 1.00 0.48 (0.20 – 1.17) 1.03 (0.38 – 2.81) 1.22 (0.45 – 3.32) 0.73 (0.23 – 2.31)
 Social engagement 1.00 0.84 (0.52 – 1.36) 0.76 (0.41 – 1.40) 0.70 (0.30 – 1.59) 1.57 (0.57 – 4.27)

Data are HRs with 95% CIs given in parentheses, unless otherwise specified. ref. = Reference.

*

p < 0.05;

***

p < 0.001.

a

Overall significance, p < 0.05.

b

The upper limit of the CI could not be observed due to the small number of participants.

c

Overall significance, p < 0.01.