Lysosomotropic amines |
Ammonium chloride |
Inorganic |
6700 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[693, 694] |
Methylamine |
Organic |
13,300 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[693] |
Dimethylamine |
Organic |
3300 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[693] |
Trimethylamine |
Organic |
80 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[693] |
Amantadine |
Organic |
1180 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[693, 695] |
Chloroquine |
Organic |
2500 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA, Gel) |
[693, 696] |
Lipopolyamines |
Organic |
10 - 250 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (Sap) |
[697] |
β-Glycylphenyl-naphthylamide (GPN) |
Organic |
10 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (PE) |
[698] |
Quinacrine |
Organic |
15 |
Endosomes |
immunotoxins (Gel) |
[696] |
Carboxylic ionophores |
Monensin |
Organic |
50,000 |
Lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA, Gel) |
[693, 696, 699] |
Grisorixin |
Organic |
25,000 |
Lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[693] |
Lasalocid |
Organic |
33,000 |
Lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[693] |
Nigericin |
Organic |
6700 |
Lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[693] |
Calcium channel antagonists |
Verapamil |
Organic |
170 |
Lysosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (RTA, PE, Gel) |
[696, 698, 700] |
Diltiazem |
Organic |
10, 40 |
Lysosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (PE) |
[698] |
Methoxyverapamil (D-600) |
Organic |
40 |
Lysosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (PE) |
[698] |
Varapamil analogues |
Organic |
2 - 70 |
Lysosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (RTA, PE) |
[700] |
Perhexiline |
Organic |
10 - 2000 |
Lysosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[701] |
SR 33557 |
Organic |
540 |
Lysosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[702] |
SR 33287 |
Organic |
620 |
Lysosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[702] |
Organic polymers |
Polyethylenimine (PEI) |
Organic polymer |
From no-effect to effect |
Lysosomes |
Gene transfection |
[703] |
Poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) |
Organic polymer |
100 |
Endosomes and lysosomes |
Toxins (RTA, Gel, Sap), Gene delivery |
[704-706] |
Poly(propylacrylic acid) (PAAP) |
Organic polymer |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene transfection |
[707] |
Fusogenic lipids |
DOPE |
Organic |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene transfection, liposomes |
[708] |
CHEMS |
Organic |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
siRNA delivery |
[709] |
Monoolein |
Organic |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
DNA delivery, nanoparticles |
[75] |
Other organic compounds |
Retinoic acid |
Organic |
10,000 |
Golgi apparatus |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[710] |
Cyclosporin A |
Organic |
100 |
Vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[711, 712] |
Brefeldin-A |
Organic |
1000 |
Golgi apparatus |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[713] |
Bryostatin 1 |
Organic |
Significant increase |
Cell signalling |
Immunotoxins (PE) |
[714] |
Wortmannin |
Organic |
Significant increase |
Endosomes and lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (ETA, Sap, Gel) |
[715] |
Synthetic surfactants |
Organic |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene transfection, siRNA delivery, nanoparticles |
[716, 717] |
EHCO |
Organic |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
siRNA delivery, nanoparticles |
[718] |
Viruses and virus peptides |
Adenovirus |
Adenovirus |
10,000 |
Endosomes, lysosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (PE, RTA, Sap, Gel), gene delivery |
[719-721] |
Penton base protein (adenovirus capsid protein) |
Adenovirus |
100 |
Endosomes and lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (PE, Gel) |
[722, 723] |
Minor capsid protein VI |
Adenovirus |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Nanoparticles |
[724, 725] |
KFT25 (N-terminus of Protein G) |
Vesicular stomatitis virus |
10 - 20 |
Lysosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (RTA, Dia) |
[309, 528] |
HA2 (hemagglutinin HA-2) |
Influenza virus |
10 - 100 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA, Sap), gene transfer |
[82, 726, 727] |
HA2 / poly (L-lysine) (PLL) |
Influenza virus |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene transfer |
[728] |
HA23 |
Influenza virus |
4 - 5 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[729] |
GALA |
Synthetic peptide (HIV) |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Gene transfection, liposomes, nanoparticles |
[726, 730, 731] |
KALA |
Synthetic peptide (HIV) |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes and other membranes |
Gene transfection |
[732] |
KALA/polyethylenimine (PEI) |
Synthetic peptide (HIV) |
Significant increase |
Endosomes and other membranes |
Gene transfection |
[733, 734] |
INF-7 |
Influenza virus |
100 |
Endosomes |
Gene delivery, siRNA delivery, liposomes |
[735-737] |
Tat (transcriptional activator Tat protein) |
HIV |
3340 |
Endosomes |
DNA delivery, PNA delivery, liposomes, nanoparticles |
[738-740] |
gp41 |
HIV |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene delivery, siRNA delivery |
[741] |
gp41/polyethylenimine (PEI) |
HIV |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene delivery, siRNA delivery |
[742] |
L2 (minor capsid protein) |
Papillomavirus |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes and other membranes |
Proteins (GFP) |
[743] |
Major envelope protein (E) |
West Nile virus |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Natural process |
[744] |
VP22 (structural protein VP22) |
Herpes simplex virus |
From no-effect to effect |
Actin-mediated endosomes |
DNA delivery, proteins (GFP) |
[729] |
Synthetic analogue of glycoprotein H (gpH) |
Synthetic peptide (Herpes simplex virus) |
30 |
Endosomes |
Gene transfection, liposomes |
[745] |
PreS2-domain of hepatitis-B virus surface antigen (TLM) |
Hepatitis-B virus |
2 - 20 |
Endosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Immunotoxins (Sap, Ang) |
[600, 746, 747] |
Bacterial peptides |
Listeriolysin O (LLO) |
Listeria
monocytogenes
|
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
DNA delivery, liposomes |
[748, 749] |
Pneumococcal pneumolysin (PLO) |
Pneumococcos |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Toxins (Granzyme B) |
[750] |
Streptococcal streptolysin O (SLO) |
Streptococcos |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Toxins (Granzyme B) |
[750] |
T-domain of diphtheriatoxin (DT) |
Corynebacterium diphtheria |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (DT) |
[751] |
T-domain of diphtheria toxin (DT) / poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) |
Corynebacterium diphtheria |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene transfection |
[752] |
Domain II of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes and trans-Golgi network |
Immunotoxins (PE) |
[753] |
REDLK |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
From no-effect to effect |
Endoplasmatic reticulum |
Immunotoxins (PE) |
[754] |
Animal and human peptides |
Penetratin (homeotic transcription protein Antennapedia, Antp) |
Drosophila melanogaster |
From no-effect to effect |
Pinocytic and other vesicular compartments |
PNA delivery |
[755] |
R6-Penetratin (with arginine residues) |
Synthetic (Drosophila melanogaster) |
5 - 10 |
Endosmes and other vesicular compartments |
PNA delivery |
[756] |
EB1 (synthetic analog of penetratin) |
Synthetic (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
siRNA delivery |
[757] |
hCT (9-32) (human calcitonin derived peptide 9-32) |
Human |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Natural process |
[758, 759] |
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) sequence |
Human |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Natural process |
[760] |
Melittin |
Bee venom |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Gene delivery |
[726, 761] |
Melittin/polyethylenimine (PEI) |
Bee venom |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene delivery, siRNA delivery |
[762-764] |
Human β3 integrin signal sequence |
Human |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Natural process |
[765] |
Heavy chain of immunoglobulin G |
Caiman crocodylus |
Significant increase |
Cell membrane |
Liposomes |
[766] |
Transportan |
Synthetic peptide (neuropeptide galanin + wasp venom peptide mastoparan) |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Proteins (GFP, Strep) |
[767] |
Bovine prion protein (bPrPp) |
Synthetic peptide (bobine prion) |
From no-effect to effect |
Cell membrane, macropinosomes |
Nanoparticles |
[768, 769] |
KDEL |
Signal sequence |
100 - 1000 |
Endoplasmatic reticulum |
Immunotoxins (RTA, PE) |
[770, 771] |
Animal and human proteins |
α-Interferon (INF) |
Human |
Significant increase |
Cell signalling |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[772] |
Perforin |
Human |
From no-effect to effect |
Early endosomes |
Immunotoxins (GzmB) |
[773, 774] |
Rituximab |
Mouse/human chimeric mAb |
80 |
Cell signalling |
Immunotoxins (Sap) |
[587] |
Plant saponins |
Saponinum album |
Gypsophila paniculata L. |
2,500,000 |
Late endosomes and lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (Sap) |
[599, 775, 776] |
SA-1641 |
Gypsophila paniculata L. |
Significant increase |
Late endosomes and lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (Sap, Dia) |
[83, 84] |
SA-1657 |
Gypsophila paniculata L. |
From no-effect to effect |
Late endosomes and lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (Sap) |
[52] |
Saponaria saponins |
Saponaria officinalis L. |
10, 000 |
Late endosomes and lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (Sap) |
[52] |
SO-1861 |
Saponaria officinalis L. |
1000 |
Late endosomes and lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (Sap, Dia) |
[52] |
Quillaja saponins |
Quillaja saponaria Mol. |
1400 |
Late endosomes and lysosomes |
Immunotoxins (Sap) |
[775] |
Plant proteins |
Ricin B-chain |
Ricinus communis L. |
From no-effect to effect |
Interalization/Cell signalling |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[777] |
Ricin B-chain immunotoxin |
Ricinus communis L. |
2 - 4 |
Interalization/Cell signalling |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[778] |
Ricin B chain (piggyback) |
Ricinus communis L. |
2 - 6 |
Interalization/Cell signalling |
Immunotoxins (RTA) |
[779] |
Synthetic peptides |
Polyarginines |
Synthetic peptide |
Significant increase |
Late endosomes, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmatic reticulum |
DNA delivery, siRNA delivery, proteins (GFP) |
[780-782] |
Polylysines |
Synthetic peptide |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene transfection |
[783] |
Histidine 10 |
Synthetic peptide |
7000 |
Endosomes |
Gene transfection |
[784] |
(R-Ahx-R)4 |
Synthetic peptide |
From no-effect to effect |
Late endosomes, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmatic reticulum |
PNA delivery |
[74, 785] |
Poly(L-histidine) |
Synthetic peptide |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
DNA delivery |
[786, 787] |
Sweet arrow peptide (SAP) |
Synthetic peptide |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
Gene delivery, nanoparticles |
[788] |
Loligomer |
Synthetic peptide |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Peptide delivery, fluorescent probes |
[789] |
Amphiphilic model peptide |
Synthetic peptide |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes or other vesicular compartments |
Polar bioactive compounds |
[790] |
IRQ peptide |
Synthetic peptide |
Significant increase |
Endosomes |
siRNA delivery |
[709] |
43E peptide |
Synthetic peptide |
Significant increase |
Endosomes and lysosomes |
Gene transfection |
[791] |
pJVE |
Synthetic peptide |
2 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (Dia) |
[309] |
RAWA |
Synthetic peptide |
Significant increase |
Endosomes and other membranes |
Gene delivery |
[792] |
Nuclear localization signals |
Synthetic peptide |
150 |
Cytoplasmic entrapment, nuclear membrane |
Gene transfection |
[793] |
SynB1 |
Synthetic peptide |
6 |
Endosomes and other membranes |
Peptide delivery |
[78, 794] |
Pep-1 |
Synthetic peptide |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes and other membranes |
Peptide delivery, proteins (GFP, β-Gal) |
[795] |
Physicochemical techniques |
Photochemical internalization |
Technique |
1000 |
Endosomes |
Immunotoxins (Sap, Gel), gene transfection, liposomes, nanoparticles |
[796-798] |
Ultrasound |
Technique |
30 |
Endosomes |
Gene delivery, liposomes |
[799, 800] |
Plasmonic nanobubbles |
Technique |
30 |
Endosomes |
Nanoparticles |
[801] |
Magnetic nanoparticles |
Technique |
From no-effect to effect |
Endosomes |
Gene transfection, siRNA delivery, nanoparticles |
[76, 802] |