Table 4.
Social determinants (from pooled data) of smoking and smokeless tobacco use among men and women of 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking | P value | SLT use | P value | Smoking | P value | SLT use | P value | |
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |||||
| Age group | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 15–19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 20–29 | 0.87 (0.81, 0.93) | 1.22 (1.10, 1.34) | 1.62 (1.47, 1.80) | 1.98 (1.82, 2.15) | ||||
| 30–39 | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 1.77 (1.60, 1.96) | 2.58 (2.28, 2.91) | 4.08 (3.70, 4.49) | ||||
| 40–49 | 1.22 (1.14, 1.32) | 2.93 (2.61, 3.29) | 4.30 (3.36, 5.51) | 8.37 (6.70, 10.44) | ||||
| ≥50¶ | 5.31 (4.75, 5.93) | 7.03 (5.76, 8.59) | – | – | ||||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Secondary | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) | 1.80 (1.59, 2.04) | 1.49 (1.36, 1.64) | ||||
| Primary | 1.13 (1.06, 1.21) | 1.75 (1.56, 1.96) | 1.88 (1.60, 2.22) | 2.97 (2.56, 3.46) | ||||
| No education | 1.80 (1.61, 2.00) | 2.62 (2.04, 3.36) | 2.00 (1.47, 2.72) | 10.68 (6.60, 17.26) | ||||
| Wealth index | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Richest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Richer | 1.16 (1.10, 1.23) | 1.30 (1.18, 1.43) | 1.13 (1.00, 1.28) | 1.33 (1.21, 1.47) | ||||
| Middle | 1.23 (1.16, 1.31) | 1.32 (1.18, 1.47) | 1.27 (1.10, 1.46) | 1.49 (1.34, 1.66) | ||||
| Poorer | 1.38 (1.29, 1.48) | 1.92 (1.68, 2.18) | 1.37 (1.18, 1.58) | 2.05 (1.79, 2.34) | ||||
| Poorest | 1.51 (1.39, 1.64) | 2.89 (2.40, 3.50) | 1.24 (1.02, 1.50) | 3.36 (2.71, 4.16) | ||||
| Religion | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Islam | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Catholic | 1.67 (1.53, 1.83) | 1.62 (1.33, 1.99) | 1.95 (1.49, 2.54) | 1.52 (1.18, 1.96) | ||||
| Protestant | 1.40 (1.30, 1.50) | 0.88 (0.77, 0.99) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.25) | 0.77 (0.67, 0.90) | ||||
| Other Christian† | 2.08 (1.92, 2.26) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 2.10 (1.70, 2.59) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.16) | ||||
| No Religion* | 2.48 (2.30, 2.67) | 1.56 (1.34, 1.82) | 2.37 (1.91, 2.94) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.35) | ||||
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not in Union | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Married | 1.66 (1.52, 1.82) | 1.21 (1.02, 1.44) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | ||||
| Living Together | 1.93 (1.78, 2.09) | 1.29 (1.12, 1.49) | 1.58 (1.39, 1.80) | 1.25 (1.13, 1.38) | ||||
| Single¥ | 2.07 (1.89, 2.26) | 1.48 (1.26, 1.75) | 2.04 (1.68, 2.49) | 1.79 (1.48, 2.16) | ||||
| Residence | <0.001 | 0.878 | <0.001 | 0.288 | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Rural | 1.12 (1.06, 1.19) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 1.52 (1.31, 1.76) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | ||||
| Occupation | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.051 | <0.001 | ||||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Professional× | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.93) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | ||||
| Agriculture | 1.37 (1.28, 1.46) | 1.29 (1.13, 1.49) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.54) | ||||
| Unskilled | 1.82 (1.68, 1.97) | 1.71 (1.44, 2.04) | 1.18 (0.99, 1.40) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.30) | ||||
Multivariate analyses were statistically controlled for age, education, wealth index, religion, marital status, type of residence, and occupation; aOR, Adjusted odds ratios; CI, Confidence interval; SLT, Smokeless tobacco.
¶In most countries men older than 49 years (i.e., up to 54, 59, or 64 years) were surveyed.
†Includes various Christian faiths such as Adventist, Pentecostal, Eglise, Zionist, etc.
*Includes traditional religions such Vodoun in Benin, Animism etc.
¥Single includes widowed, divorced, separated, and not living together any longer.
×Professional includes technical, manager, clerical and business or sales; unskilled/manual includes household and domestic work other than agriculture.