Table 4.
Main effects of environment-related factors on diabetic retinopathy by univariate logistic regression
| Cases (%) | Controls (%) | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 301 (80.8) | 120 (82.6) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| Past | 23 (6.2) | 6 (4.2) | 0.65 (0.26–1.64) | 0.48 |
| Current | 48 (13.0) | 19 (13.2) | 1.51 (0.53–4.30) | 0.59 |
| Daily amount of smoking (Cigarettes/day) | ||||
| <5 | 37 (10.0) | 21 (14.5) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| 5–9 | 89 (24.0) | 34 (23.5) | 0.67 (0.34–1.30) | 0.31 |
| 10–19 | 111 (30.0) | 46 (31.7) | 1.08 (0.64–1.83) | 0.86 |
| ≥20 | 134 (36.0) | 44 (30.3) | 0.79 (0.48–1.28) | 0.41 |
| Pack years of smoking | ||||
| <20 | 133 (35.6) | 52 (35.7) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| 20–30 | 122 (32.8) | 42 (29) | 0.88 (0.54–1.41) | 0.68 |
| 30–40 | 82 (22.1) | 28 (19.3) | 0.99 (0.57–1.72) | 0.97 |
| ≥40 | 35 (9.5) | 23 (16) | 1.92 (0.97–3.79) | 0.08 |
| Ethanol intake (g/day) | ||||
| No intake | 346 (93.0) | 136 (93.8) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| <13 (g/day) | 8 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) | 0.63 (0.13–3.03) | 0.82 |
| 13–26 (g/day) | 6 (1.6) | 2 (1.4) | 1.33 (0.14–12.36) | 0.80 |
| 26–88 (g/day) | 6 (1.6) | 3 (2) | 1.50 (0.18–12.45) | 0.70 |
| ≥88 (g/day) | 6 (1.6) | 2 (1.4) | 0.66 (0.08–5.53) | 0.70 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| No exercise | 107 (28.8) | 58 (40) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| Light-intensity | 193 (51.9) | 75 (51.7) | 0.71 (0.47–1.08) | 0.14 |
| Moderate-intensity | 68 (18.3) | 11 (7.6) | 0.41 (0.20–0.83) | 0.01 |
| Vigorous-intensity | 4 (1.0) | 1 (0.7) | 1.54 (0.15–15.14) | 0.70 |
| Insulin therapy | ||||
| No | 198 (53.2) | 50 (34.5) | 1.000 (Referent) | |
| Yes | 174 (46.8) | 95 (65.5) | 2.16 (1.45–3.22) | 0.0001 |
| Family history of diabetes | ||||
| No | 304 (81.7) | 98 (67.6) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| Yes | 68 (18.3) | 47 (32.4) | 2.14 (1.38–3.31) | 0.001 |
| History of hypertension | ||||
| No | 249 (67) | 86 (59.3) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| Yes | 123 (33) | 59 (40.7) | 1.83 (1.24–2.71) | 0.003 |
| Income pressure | ||||
| Never | 284 (76.3) | 111 (76.6) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| Occasional | 62 (16.7) | 26 (17.9) | 1.07 (0.64–1.78) | 0.88 |
| Daily | 26 (7.0) | 8 (5.5) | 0.73 (0.29–1.83) | 0.66 |
| Family stress | ||||
| Never | 264 (71) | 109 (75.2) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| Occasional | 77 (20.7) | 19 (13.1) | 0.59 (0.34–1.03) | 0.08 |
| Daily | 31 (8.3) | 17 (11.7) | 2.22 (1.02–4.82) | 0.04 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <24 (%) | 169 (45.3) | 62 (42.8) | 1.000 (Referent) | – |
| 24–28 (%) | 152 (40.9) | 62 (42.8) | 1.11 (0.73–1.68) | 0.69 |
| >28 kg/m2 (%) | 51 (13.8) | 21 (14.4) | 1.01 (0.56–1.81) | 0.97 |
a
Significant results in univariate logistic regression after adjusting for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose and 2-h plasma glucose.