Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of participants at the start of follow up
| Total sample (n = 290) | Cr doubling group (n = 85) | Non-doubling group (n = 205) | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/female | 231/59 | 58/27 | 173/32 | |
| Age (years) | 61.9 ± 9.8 | 58.4 ± 1.0 | 63.3 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 18.0 ± 8.5 | 14.6 ± 0.8 | 19.5 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 23.5 ± 0.3 | 24.0 ± 0.2 | 0.209 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 139.6 ± 19.2 | 139.4 ± 2.0 | 139.6 ± 1.3 | 0.943 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.6 ± 11.7 | 77.1 ± 1.2 | 76.4 ± 0.8 | 0.659 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.68 ± 1.85 | 9.6 ± 0.18 | 8.2 ± 0.12 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.1 ± 15.5 | 51.4 ± 1.69 | 52.3 ± 1.09 | 0.642 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 118.7 ± 32.8 | 126.5 ± 3.5 | 115.5 ± 2.2 | 0.0088 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 162.1 ± 106.0 | 171.0 ± 11.5 | 158.4 ± 7.4 | 0.356 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.47 ± 1.37 | 6.02 ± 0.14 | 5.25 ± 0.09 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.87 ± 0.24 | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 0.062 |
| eGFR (mL/[min·1.73 m2]) | 80.4 ± 24.2 | 84.7 ± 2.6 | 78.7 ± 1.6 | 0.054 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.1 ± 1.5 | 13.9 ± 0.17 | 14.2 ± 0.11 | 0.054 |
| Proteinuria (1+, 2+, 3+) (%) | 41.4, 50.7, 7.9 | 41.1, 41.1, 17.6 | 41.4, 54.6, 3.9 | 0.0003 |
| Smoking status, % (n) | 45.5 (132) | 64.7 (55) | 37.5 (77) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, % (n) | 87.5 (254) | 83.5 (71) | 89.2 (183) | 0.177 |
| Dyslipidemia, % (n) | 73.7 (214) | 72.9 (62) | 74.1 (152) | 0.883 |
| Hyperuricemia, % (n) | 25.8 (75) | 44.7 (38) | 18.0 (37) | <0.0001 |
| Antiplatelet agent use, % (n) | 21.7 (63) | 18.8 (16) | 22.9 (47) | 0.532 |
| Antihypertensive agent use, % (n) | 66.5 (193) | 57.6 (49) | 70.2 (144) | 0.041 |
| Renin–angiotensin system inhibitors, % (n) | 46.2 (134) | 34.1 (29) | 51.2 (105) | 0.007 |
| Statin use, % (n) | 29.6 (86) | 20.0 (17) | 33.6 (69) | 0.023 |
| Antihyperuricemia agent use, % (n) | 9.6 (28) | 10.5 (9) | 9.2 (19) | 0.827 |
| CHD, % (n) | 16.8 (49) | 28.2 (24) | 12.2 (25) | 0.0017 |
| Stroke, % (n) | 14.4 (42) | 22.3 (19) | 11.2 (23) | 0.017 |
| ASO, % (n) | 9.3 (27) | 16.4 (14) | 6.3 (13) | 0.012 |
| Aortic calcification, % (n) | 16.2 (47) | 27.0 (23) | 11.71 (24) | 0.0025 |
ASO, arteriosclerosis obliterans; BP, blood pressure; CHD, coronary heart disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
a
The statistical significance was estimated using independent Student's t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables (P < 0.05). Comparisons were made between the creatinine (Cr) doubling group and the non-doubling group. Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation or as % (n), where indicated.