. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 16.

Published in final edited form as: Acta Neuropathol. 2014 Jul 4;128(2):177–190. doi: 10.1007/s00401-014-1313-z

Table 1.

B cell phenotypes by surface markers, primary anatomical locations, and biological functions.

	B1 B cells	B2 B cells	Regulatory B cells
Surface Markers	Mice: CD19⁺ CD20⁺ CD5^+/- CD11⁺ Humans: CD19⁺ CD20⁺ CD27⁺ CD43⁺ CD70^-	Mice: CD19⁺ CD20⁺ B220⁺ CD5^- Humans: CD19⁺ CD20⁺ B220⁺ CD24^lo CD27^-CD43^-	Mice:CD19⁺ CD20⁺ CD5⁺ CD1d^hi Humans: CD19⁺ CD20⁺ CD24^hi CD38^hiCD27⁺
Primary Anatomical Locations	Peritoneal Cavity Pleural Cavity Spleen Bone Marrow	Spleen Secondary Lymphoid organs	Peritoneal Cavity Spleen
Biological Functions	“Innate-like” B cells Spontaneous IgM secretion Rapid response to innate stimulation T-independent immune responses APCs for T cells and NKT cells Develop into memory B cells, short-lived and terminally differentiated plasma cells	“Traditional” B cells T-dependent immune response Class switch to IgA, IgE, and IgG APCs for T cells Develop into memory B cells, short-lived and terminally differentiated plasma cells	Class switch to IgA Important for gut immunity Respond to helminth infections Implicated in autoimmunity Regulatory mechanisms include IL-10, TGF-β, GITRL, and FasL