Table I.
Characteristics of study group by smoking status
| Smokers (n = 145) | Non-smokers (n = 183) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (mean) | 30.8 | 28.8 |
| Male (%) | 95.9 | 99.5 |
| Race (%) | ||
| Caucasian | 94.4 | 89.6 |
| African American | 2.8 | 4.4 |
| Other/missing | 2.8 | 6 |
| Marital status (%) | ||
| Never married | 52.4 | 56.3 |
| Married | 36.6 | 36.6 |
| Separated/divorced | 11 | 7.1 |
| Have one or more children (%) | 57.2 | 42.1 |
| Highest education level (%) | ||
| High school/GED or less | 53.1 | 47.3 |
| Technical school | 4.8 | 10.4 |
| Some college | 35.2 | 35.2 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 6.9 | 7.1 |
| Visit doctor annually (%) | 49.7 | 50.2 |
| Health Concerns (mean)a | ||
| Work related | 3.4 | 3.5 |
| Non-work related* | 2.5 | 2.2 |
| Any health concern | 2.9 | 2.8 |
| Motivation to improve health (%) | ||
| Concern for own health | 47.5 | 54.1 |
| Ability to provide for family | 33.3 | 40.9 |
| Family member concern | 33.3 | 22.2 |
| Money/financial incentives | 21.3 | 18.8 |
| Ability to participate in sports/hobbies | 11.3 | 16.6 |
| Job security | 12.8 | 9.9 |
| Likelihood of participating in any union health program (mean)b | 3 | 2.8 |
| Heard of union-sponsored cessation program (%) | 15.3 | 11.7 |
| Spouse/partner smoke** | ||
| Yes | 43.8 | 11.7 |
| No | 29.9 | 65.6 |
| Not married | 26.4 | 22.2 |
| Smoking Frequency | ||
| Everyday | 84.6 | n/a |
| Almost every day (4+ days/week) | 7 | n/a |
| 1–3 days/week | 6.3 | n/a |
| <1day a week | 2.1 | n/a |
| No. Cigs/day | ||
| 1–10 (half pack or less) | 28 | n/a |
| 11–20 | 53.8 | n/a |
| 21 or more (more than a pack) | 18.2 | n/a |
aScale: 1 (not concerned)–6 (very concerned). bScale: 1 (not likely)–6 (very likely). *significant difference between smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.05). ** significant difference between smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.001).