Table 1.

Induction of Key Markers of Early Cartilage Damage After Impact in an In Vitro Study Using Adult Bovine Articular Cartilage

Markers of cartilage damage	17-MPa impact (%)	36-MPa impact (%)
Cell deatha	22 ± 5	53 ± 9
GAG releasea	218 ± 42%	309 ± 34
NO releasea	256 ± 78	605 ± 135
PGE2 releasea	183 ± 41	424 ± 111
MMP with increased expressiona	MMP9, MMP13	MMP3, MMP9

Note: GAG = glycosaminoglycan; NO = nitric oxide PGE2 = prostaglandin E2; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase.

^aCompared with control levels of cartilage damage marker.