Figure 12.

Proposed mechanisms underlying the effects of extracorporeal therapy on protecting the urinary bladder from cyclophosphamide injury in a rat AIC model based on the findings of the present study. ECSW = extracorporeal shock wave; NOX = NADPH oxidase; MMP-9 = matrix metalloproteinases-9; IL-12 = interleukin 12; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase; MIF = macrophage migration inhibitory factor; SP = substance P.