Table 2.
Listing of birth defects detected by timing of antiretroviral therapy exposure
| Birth defects | Earliest antiretroviral exposure | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| First trimester (n = 329) | Second/third trimester (n = 488) | None (n = 80) | |
| Central Nervous System | |||
| Microcephaly | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Face/neck/eyes/ears | |||
| Morrie syndrome | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Microphthalmia | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Coloboma | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Syndromic facies | 1§ | 0 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular and circulatory defects | |||
| Atrial septal defect | 5 | 4 | 0 |
| Ventricular septal defect | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Transposition of the great arteries | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | 0 | 2* | 0 |
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 1† | 0 | 0 |
| Respiratory | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Digestive system | |||
| Hepatic venous malformation | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatic lymphangioma | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Alagille syndrome | 0 | 2# | 0 |
| Oesophageal atresia | 1‡ | 0 | 0 |
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Genital organs | |||
| Cryptorchidism | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Double urethra | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Vaginal polyp | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Urinary system | |||
| Hydronephrosis | 2 | 5 | 0 |
| Hypospadias | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Renal duplication and ureterocele | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Musculoskeletal | |||
| Premature synostosis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Clubfeet | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Phocomelia | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Congenital hip dislocation | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Congenital knee dislocation | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Limbs | |||
| Syndatyly | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Polydactyly | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Miscellaneous defects | |||
| Pierre Robin syndrome | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Trisomy 21 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total infants with defects | 23 | 33 | 6 |
*Includes one case with atrial septal defect.
#Both patients also had tracheal stenosis.
†This patient also had hydronephrosis.
‡This patient also had vertebral bodies abnormalities and left superior caval vein.
§This patient also had blepharophimosis and developmental delay.