Table 3.

Risk factors for congenital abnormalities

	Total		Congenital abnormality		P
	N	%	N	%
Maternal age at enrolment (n = 825)
<20 years	14	1.7	2	14.3	0.43
20-35 years	577	69.9	38	6.6
≥35 years	234	28.4	19	8.1
Maternal ethnic origin (n = 897)
Caucasian	628	69.9	46	7.3	0.94
Latino American	96	10.7	6	6.3
Sub Saharan	155	17.3	9	5.8
Other	18	2.1	1	5.5
Smoking during pregnancy (n = 680)					0.45
Yes	270	39.7	17	6.2
No	410	60.3	33	8.0
Alcohol during pregnancy (n = 696)					0.73
Yes	34	4.9	3	8.8
No	662	95.1	49	7.4
Drugs (cocaine, heroin, methadone) (n = 750)					0.78
Yes	74	9.9	6	8.1
No	676	90.1	49	7.2
Maternal diabetes (n = 876)
Yes	51	5.8	6	11.8	0.16
No	825	94.2	56	6.8
Maternal CD4 lymphocytes in 1st trimester (n = 554)
<200 cells/μl	66	11.9	6	9.1	0.29
200-500 cells/μl	238	43.0	14	5.9
>500 cells/μl	250	45.1	24	9.6
Maternal viral load in 3rd trimester (n = 642)
>50 copies/ml	173	26.9	16	9.2	0.92
<50 copies/ml	469	73.1	28	6.0
Treatment in first trimester (n = 897)					1.00
Yes	329	36.7	23	7.0
No	568	63.3	39	6.8
Mother’s treatment group (n = 818)					0.24
Untreated	78	9.5	6	7.7
Monotherapy	10	1.2	1	10.0
Dual therapy	21	2.6	4	19.0
HAART including PI	476	58.2	31	6.5
HAART not including PI	233	28.5	14	6.0
Gestational age (weeks) (n = 850)					0.07
>37	656	77.2	40	6.1
<37	194	22.8	19	9.8
Newborn sex (n = 890)					0.75
Male	471	52.9	34	7.2
Female	419	47.1	28	6.7
Birth weight (n = 863)					0.003
>2,500 g	642	74.4	35	5.4
<2,500 g	221	25.6	25	11.3

HAART, highly active antiretroviral treatment; PI, protease inhibitor.