Table 4.
Prevalence of birth defects according to type of antiretroviral drug
| Antiretroviral drug during pregnancy | First trimester exposure | Second/third trimester exposure | No exposure | P a | OR b. First trimester exposure vs No exposure | aOR c. First trimester exposure vs No exposure | OR b. Second/third trimester exposure vs No exposure | OR c. First trimester exposure vs Second/third trimester exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NRTI | ||||||||
| Zidovudine | 18/287 (6.27%) | 20/269 (7.43%) | 19/289 (6.57%) | 0.85 | 0.95 (0.48; 1.85) | 1.21 (0.56;2.63) | 1.14 (0.59; 2.18) | 0.83 (0.43; 1.61) |
| Lamivudine | 22/338 (6.51%) | 17/285 (5.96%) | 19/227 (8.37%) | 0.54 | 0.76 (0.40; 1.44) | 0.87 (0.42; 1.82) | 0.69 (0.35; 1.36) | 1.09 (0.57; 2.10) |
| Stavudine | 7/96 (7.29%)* | 3/48 (6.25%) | 48/687 (6.99%) | 0.97 | 1.04 (0.45; 2.38) | 1.15 (0.49; 2.66) | 0.88 (0.26; 2.96) | 1.17 (0.29; 4.78) |
| Didanosine | 5/59 (8.47%)* | 5/38 (13.16%) | 48/734 (6.54%) | 0.27 | 1.32 (0.50; 3.46) | 1.25 (0.42; 3.67) | 2.16 (0.80; 5.79) | 0.61 (0.16; 2.27) |
| Abacavir | 4/73 (5.48%)* | 3/18 (16.67%) | 51/744 (6.85%) | 0.24 | 0.78 (0.27; 2.24) | 0.99 (0.34; 2.87) | 2.71 (0.76; 9.69) | 0.28 (0.05; 1.43) |
| Tenofovir | 4/58 (6.90%)* | 1/22 (4.55%) | 54/755 (7.15%) | 0.89 | 0.96 (0.33; 2.75) | 1.01 (0.30; 3.42) | 0.61 (0.08; 4.68) | 1.55 (0.16; 14.73) |
| Emtricitabine | 1/19 (5.26%)* | 0/15 (0.00%) | 58/807 (7.19%) | 0.53 | 0.71 (0.09; 5.46) | NA | NA | NA |
| NNRTI | ||||||||
| Nevirapine | 7/150 (4.67%)* | 3/85 (3.53%) | 47/611 (7.69%) | 0.19 | 0.58 (0.26; 1.32) | 0.53 (0.22; 1.30) | 0.43 (0.13; 1.44) | 1.33 (0.33; 5.31) |
| Efavirenz | 2/30 (6.67%)* | 1/12 (8.33%) | 56/793 (7.06%) | 0.98 | 0.94 (0.21; 4.04) | 1.04 (0.23; 4.55) | 1.19 (0.15; 9.43) | 0.78 (0.06; 9.56) |
| PI | ||||||||
| Nelfinavir | 11/127(8.66%)* | 11/141 (7.80%) | 36/562 (6.41%) | 0.61 | 1.38 (0.68; 2.80) | 1.56 (0.73; 3.34) | 1.23 (0.61; 2.49) | 1.12 (0.46; 2.68) |
| Saquinavir | 1/40 (2.50%)* | 1/28 (3.57%) | 56/766 (7.31%) | 0.39 | 0.32 (0.04; 2.41) | NA | 0.46 (0.06; 3.52) | 0.69 (0.04; 11.55) |
| Lopinavir/r | 5/86 (5.81%)* | 3/51 (5.88%) | 51/696 (7.33%) | 0.82 | 0.78 (0.30; 2.01) | 0.88 (0.30; 2.55) | 0.79 (0.23; 2.62) | 0.98 (0.22; 4.31) |
| Indinavir | 4/21 (19.05%)* | 1/10 (10%) | 54/810 (6.67%) | 0.08 | 3.29 (0.92; 10.13) | 3.74(0.94; 11.89) | 1.55 (0.19; 12.50) | 2.11 (0.20; 21.88) |
| Atazanavir | 1/6 (16.67%)* | 3/19 (15.79%) | 50/780 (6.41%) | 0.16 | 2.92 (0.33; 25.47) | 3.27(0.68; 15.73) | 2.73 (0.77; 9.70) | 1.06 (0.08; 12.68) |
| Fosamprenavir | 0/4 (0%)* | 0/3 (0%) | 59/837 (7.05%) | 0.86 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Tipranavir | 0/1 (0%)* | 0/0 | 59/843 (7.00%) | 0.78 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Other ARVs | ||||||||
| Enfuvirtide | 0/0* | 0/1 (0%) | 59/846 (6.97%) | 0.78 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Raltegravir | 0/0* | 0/1 (0%) | 62/896 (6.92%) | 0.79 | NA | NA | NA |
NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor. NA not applicable/no child in this category.
*First trimester exposures less than 200 for each agent.
aP values are global p-value for the three categories in each type of exposure. P values were calculated using chi square test and Fisher’s exact test. bOR obtained by univariate logistic regression. cAOR obtained by multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, alcohol and illegal drug use during pregnancy.