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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 17.
Published in final edited form as: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD007214. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007214.pub2

Comparison 2. TENS with epidural versus epidural alone.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1 Pain score (VAS) at 60 minutes 2 80 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.23 [−8.71, 9.16]
 1.1 Women receiving epidural 1 40 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 5.53 [−8.99, 20.05]
 1.2 Women receiving combined spinal epidural 1 40 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) −3.01 [−14.35, 8.33]
2 Caesarean section rate 1 40 Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.33 [0.01, 7.72]
3 Assisted delivery 1 40 Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.0 [0.07, 14.90]