. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 17.

Published in final edited form as: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD007214. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007214.pub2

Comparison 3. Cranial TENS with epidural versus epidural alone.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Pain score during the first stage of labour	1	120	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.06 [−0.66, 0.78]
2 Caesarean section rate	1	113	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.21, 4.83]
3 Instrumental delivery	1	113	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.54, 1.16]
4 Duration of pain relief in minutes (first injection)	1	120	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	22.00 [9.09, 34.91]
5 Mean dose of epidural analgesia (Bupivacaine)	1	113	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−1.80 [−11.46, 7.86]
6 Duration of first stage of labour in minutes	1	120	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	22.79 [−27.81, 73.39]