Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Information for the BD and the HC Groups (mean ± SE)
| Unmed BD |
Med BD | All BD | All BD P+ | All BD P− | HC | Comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 25 | 38 | 63 | 18 | 45 | 48 | - |
| BD1/BD2 | 9/16 | 24/14 | 33/30 | 14/4 | 17/28 | - | BD1>BD2 in med BD vs unmed BD and in BD P+ vs BD P− |
| Sex (% F) | 84 | 79 | 81 | 89 | 78 | 60 | F>M in All BD vs HC |
| Age | 36.2 ± 2.1 | 40.5 ± 1.9 | 38.8 ± 1.4 | 40.7 ± 2.8 | 38.0 ± 1.7 | 32.6 ± 1.5 | All BD>HC |
| BMI | 28.5 ± 1.1 | 29.1 ± 1.0 | 28.9 ± 0.7 | 28.1 ± 1.6 | 29.2 ± 0.8 | 28.0 ± 0.8 | NS |
| HAM-D (24-item) | 22.5 ± 1.6 | 24.2 ± 1.9 | 23.5 ± 1.3 | 23.8 ± 3.0 | 23.4 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | All BD>HC |
| SHAPS | 30.9 ± 1.5 | 27.3 ± 1.3 | 28.7 ± 1.0 | 29.7 ± 1.8 | 28.3 ± 1.2 | 18.6 ± 0.8 | All BD>HC |
| YMRS | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 1.6 | 7.7 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | All BD>HC |
| ICV (mL) | 1374 ± 45 | 1387 ± 29 | 1382 ± 25 | 1301 ± 44 | 1414 ± 29 | 1375 ± 31 | BD P+ < BD P− |
| Total Hippocampus (mL) | 7.80 ± 0.14 | 7.75 ± 0.14 | 7.77 ± 0.14 | 7.52 ± 0.21 | 7.87 ± 0.12 | 8.15 ± 0.10 | All BD<HC |
| Total Amygdala (mL) | 2.83 ± 0.07 | 2.90 ± 0.07 | 2.88 ± 0.05 | 2.77 ± 0.09 | 2.92 ± 0.06 | 3.10 ± 0.07 | All BD<HC |
| hs_CRP (µg/mL) | 5.8 ± 2.3 | 4.4 ± 1.3 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | 4.7 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | NS |
| TRP (µM) | 55.6 ± 2.0 | 59.1 ± 1.6 | 57.7 ± 1.3 | 56.0 ± 2.3 | 58.4 ± 1.5 | 64.4 ± 2.9 | All BD<HCa |
| KYN (nM) | 1.77 ± 0.10 | 1.98 ± 0.09 | 1.90 ± 0.07 | 1.93 ± 0.10 | 1.89 ± 0.08 | 1.99 ± 0.07 | NS |
| KynA (nM) | 34.0 ± 2.6 | 39.1 ± 2.9 | 37.1 ± 2.0 | 36.9 ± 3.0 | 37.1 ± 2.6 | 40.3 ± 2.4 | NS |
| 3HK (nM) | 30.9 ± 2.3 | 31.6 ± 1.7 | 31.3 ± 1.4 | 33.1 ± 3.1 | 30.6 ± 1.4 | 34.3 ± 2.4 | NS |
| QA (nM) | 314 ± 22 | 327 ± 17 | 322 ± 13 | 335 ± 25 | 317 ± 16 | 311 ± 14 | NS |
| KYN/TRP | 0.03 ± 0.002 | 0.03 ± 0.002 | 0.03 ± 0.001 | 0.03 ± 0.002 | 0.03 ± 0.001 | 0.03 ± 0.001 | NS |
| KynA/3HK | 1.15 ± 0.08 | 1.24 ± 0.06 | 1.20 ± 0.048 | 1.19 ± 0.10 | 1.21 ± 0.05 | 1.26 ± 0.06 | NS |
| KynA/QA | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | All BD<HCb |
Note: With the exception of a chi-squared test for testing sex differences as well as differences in the ratio of BD1 versus BD2, group comparisons were made using independent sample t-tests. MRI data were available for 56 individuals with BD and 46 healthy controls. CRP data were available for 50 individuals with BD and 35 healthy controls.
Abbreviations: a = no longer significant after controlling for age and sex; b = significant after controlling for age and sex; Unmed BD=Unmedicated Bipolar Disorder; Med BD=Medicated Bipolar Disorder; All BD P+ = Unmedicated and medicated bipolar subjects with a positive history of psychosis; All BD P− = Unmedicated and medicated bipolar subjects without a history of psychosis; HC=Healthy Control; NS=nonsignificant; BMI=Body Mass Index; HAM-D=Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; SHAPS=Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale; YMRS=Young Mania Rating Scale; ICV=intracranial volume; hs-CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TRP=Tryptophan; KYN=Kynurenine; 3HK=3-hydroxykynurenine; KynA=Kynurenic Acid; QA=Quinolinic Acid.