Table 2.
Multivariable Analysis of Overall Survival after Surgical Therapy for Lung Cancer
| Overall survival, mo | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | HR, p value | Type 3, p value |
| Facility type | ||||
| Academic/research program | 0. 90 | 0.86 – 0.93 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Comprehensive community cancer program | 0.93 | 0.90 – 0.96 | < 0.001 | |
| Community cancer program/other | - | - | - | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.31 | 1.28 – 1.34 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Female | - | - | - | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Other | 0.95 | 0.80 – 1.13 | 0.564 | < 0.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.89 | 0.83 – 0.95 | 0.001 | |
| Asian | 0.76 | 0.70 – 0.83 | < 0.001 | |
| Black | 1.01 | 0.97 – 1.05 | 0.635 | |
| White | - | - | - | |
| Age, per year | 1.03 | 1.03 – 1.03 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Insurance | ||||
| Not insured | 1.23 | 1.13 – 1.34 | <. 001 | < 0.001 |
| Government insurance | 1.15 | 1.11 – 1.18 | <. 001 | |
| Private insurance | - | - | - | |
| Income | ||||
| < $30,000 | 1.08 | 1.03 – 1.13 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| $30,000 – $34,999 | 1.07 | 1.03 – 1.11 | < 0.001 | |
| $35,000 – $45,999 | 1.05 | 1.02 – 1.09 | < 0.001 | |
| $46,000 + | - | - | - | |
| Education, % | ||||
| >=29 | 1.11 | 1.06 – 1.16 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 20–28.9 | 1.06 | 1.02 – 1.09 | 0 .002 | |
| 14–19.9 | 1.05 | 1.02 – 1.08 | 0 .004 | |
| < 14 | - | - | - | |
| Charlson/Deyo score | ||||
| 2+ | 1.36 | 1.32 – 1.41 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 1.13 | 1.10 – 1.15 | < 0.001 | |
| 0 | - | - | - | |
| Analytic stage | ||||
| IV | 2.54 | 2.41–2.67 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| III | 1.66 | 1.60–1.73 | < 0.001 | |
| II | 1.30 | 1.25–1.36 | < 0.001 | |
| I | - | - | - | |
| Radiation before surgery | ||||
| Yes | 1.30 | 1.23 – 1.38 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| No | - | - | - | |
| Primary tumor site | ||||
| Tracheobronchial tree or hilum | 0.88 | 0.78–1.00 | 0.043 | < 0.001 |
| Left upper lobe | 1.02 | 0.99–1.05 | 0.237 | |
| Left lower lobe | 1.09 | 1.05–1.13 | < 0.001 | |
| Right middle lobe | 0.98 | 0.93–1.03 | 0.410 | |
| Right lower lobe | 1.13 | 1.13–1.17 | < 0.001 | |
| Overlapping lesion | 1.19 | 1.11–1.28 | < 0.001 | |
| Not specified | 1.09 | 1.02–1.18 | 0.028 | |
| Right upper lobe | - | - | - | |
| Histology | ||||
| Unknown histology | 1.04 | 0.99–1.08 | 0.101 | < 0.001 |
| Other tumors† | 0.79 | 0.73–0.86 | < 0.001 | |
| Large cell | 1.20 | 1.13–1.27 | < 0.001 | |
| Squamous cell | 1.05 | 1.02–1.08 | < 0.001 | |
| Adenosquamous | 1.09 | 1.03–1.16 | 0.006 | |
| Adenocarcinoma | - | - | - | |
| Grade | ||||
| Unknown | 1.26 | 1.19–1.33 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 4 | 1.51 | 1.39–1.64 | < 0.001 | |
| 3 | 1.50 | 1.43–1.56 | < 0.001 | |
| 2 | 1.34 | 1.29–1.40 | < 0.001 | |
| 1 | - | - | - | |
| Tumor size, cm | 1.02 | 1.02–1.02 | <0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Surgical procedure | ||||
| Pneumonectomy | 1.10 | 1.05–1.17 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Lobectomy | 0.86 | 0.83–0.89 | < 0.001 | |
| Segmental resection, including lingulectomy | 0.95 | 0.89–1.02 | 0.166 | |
| Wedge resection/less than one lobe | - | - | - | |
| Positive surgical margins | ||||
| Yes | 1.54 | 1.48–1.60 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| No | - | - | - | |
| Scope of regional LN surgery | ||||
| No regional LN surgery | 1.20 | 1.15–1.25 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Regional LN surgery | - | - | - | |
| Regional LN positive | ||||
| Yes | 1.39 | 1.34–1.45 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| No | - | - | - | |
| Regional LN examined | ||||
| >9 | 0.84 | 0.81–0.86 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 7–9 | 0.88 | 0.85–0.91 | < 0.001 | |
| 4–6 | 0.91 | 0.88–0.94 | < 0.001 | |
| 0–3 | - | - | - | |
†
Including, but not restricted to spindle cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid malignancies, neuroendocrine, and mixed malignant tumors.
LN, lymph node.