Table 4.
Associations a between pregnancy levels of PFOS/PFOA (ng/ml) and offspring SDQ-total and hyperactivity score
| Combined (N = 1,106) e | Greenland (n = 526) | Ukraine (n = 491) | Poland (n = 89) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scale (score range) | Difference | 95% CI | Difference | 95% CI | Difference | 95% CI | Difference | 95% CI | ||
| SDQ (0–40) b | PFOA | Low | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Medium | 0.3 | −0.5, 1.0 | 0.7 | −0.4, 1.7 | −0.9 | −1.9, 0.1 | 0.8 | −1.9, 3.4 | ||
| High | 0.7 | −0.2, 1.5 | 0.5 | −0.6, 1.5 | −0.3 | −1.3, 0.7 | 1.8 | −0.8, 4.5 | ||
| Continuousd | 0.1 | −0.5, 0.7 | 0.3 | −0.6, 1.3 | −0.5 | −1.3, 0.4 | 2.1 | −0.4, 4.7 | ||
| Hyperactivity (0–10) c | Low | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - | |
| Medium | 0.1 | −0.3, 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.0, 1.0 | −0.3 | −0.7, 0.1 | 1.1 | −0.4, 2.6 | ||
| High | 0.5 | 0.1, 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.1, 1.1 | −0.2 | −0.6, 0.2 | 0.9 | −0.6, 2.4 | ||
| Continuousd | 0.3 | 0.0, 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1, 0.9 | −0.1 | −0.5, 0.2 | 1.2 | −0.3, 2.6 | ||
| SDQ (0–40) b | PFOS | Low | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Medium | 0.1 | −1.0, 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.3, 2.4 | −1.0 | −2.0, 0.0 | −0.1 | −2.7, 2.5 | ||
| High | 1.1 | −0.1, 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.1, 2.2 | −1.0 | −2.2-0.0 | 2.0 | −0.6, 4.6 | ||
| Continuousd | 0.3 | −0.3, 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.1, 2.0 | −1.0 | −1.6, 0.2 | 2.6 | −0.5, 5.7 | ||
| Hyperactivity (0–10) c | Low | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - | |
| Medium | 0.1 | −0.3-0.5 | 0.4 | −0.1, 0.8 | −0.2 | −0.6, 0.2 | 0.9 | −0.5, 2.4 | ||
| High | 0.5 | 0.0, 1.0 | 0.3 | −0.2, 0.7 | −0.1 | −0.5, 0.3 | 1.3 | −0.1, 2.8 | ||
| Continuousd | 0.2 | −0.1, 0.5 | 0.3 | −0.1, 0.7 | −0.1 | −0.4, 0.3 | 1.5 | −0.3, 3.2 | ||
CI, confidence interval; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; Ref, reference group; SDQ, strength and difficulties questionnaire.
aAdjusted for: maternal cotinine level during pregnancy, maternal alcohol consumption at conception, maternal age at pregnancy, gestational age at blood-sampling and child sex. bHigh scores indicate behavioural problems. cHigh scores indicate more hyperactive behaviour. dβ = the change in score according to one natural-log unit increase in PFOA and PFOS. eAdditionally adjusted for country.