Table 5.
Associations a between pregnancy levels of PFOS/PFOA (ng/ml) and offspring behavioural and hyperactivity problems
| Scale | Combined e | Greenland | Ukraine | Poland |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| (N = 1,106) | (n = 526) | (n = 491) | (n = 89) | |
| SDQ-total b | ||||
| PFOS | ||||
| Low | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Medium | 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) | 1.7 (0.7, 4.0) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) | - |
| High | 1.5 (0.5, 4.8) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.2) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.5) | - |
| Continuousd | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) | - |
| PFOA | ||||
| Low | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Medium | 2.0 (1.0, 4.2) | 2.7 (1.0, 7.5) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.5) | - |
| High | 2.7 (1.2, 6.3) | 1.9 (0.7, 5.4) | 1.5 (0.6, 4.2) | - |
| Continuousd | 1.5 (0.9, 2.6) | 2.1 (0.8, 5.2) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.3) | - |
| Hyperactivity c | ||||
| PFOS | ||||
| Low | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | - |
| Medium | 1.2 (0.5, 2.5) | 1.1 (0.4, 3.4) | 1.2 (0.4, 3.3) | - |
| High | 1.4 (0.4, 4.9) | 1.3 (0.4, 3.9) | 1.4 (0.5, 3.9) | - |
| Continuousd | 1.7 (0.9, 3.2) | 1.9 (0.7, 4.8) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.4) | - |
| PFOA | ||||
| Low | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | - |
| Medium | 0.8 (0.4, 2.0) | 5.4 (1.1, 25.6) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) | - |
| High | 3.1 (1.3, 7.2) | 6.3 (1.3, 30.1) | 0.9 (0.3, 2.4) | - |
| Continuousd | 1.6 (0.9, 2.8) | 3.6 (1.2, 3.7) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) | - |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; SDQ, strength and difficulties questionnaire; Ref, reference group.
aAdjusted for maternal cotinine level during pregnancy, maternal alcohol consumption at conception, child sex, maternal age at pregnancy and gestational age at blood sampling.
bSDQ cut-offs: normal and borderline (0 to 16) versus abnormal (17 to 40).
cHyperactivity cut-offs: normal and borderline (0 to 6) versus (7 to 10).
dThe change in OR according to one natural logarithm increase in exposures.
eAdditionally adjusted for country.