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. 2015 Feb 7;282(1800):20142245. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2245

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© 2014 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 3. — Stratigraphic ranges of stem- and crown-gnathostome clades in the Middle Palaeozoic. Thin black lines represent the phylogenetic branching, with ghost ranges highlighted in orange. Confidence intervals (95% bars in lighter shades, 99% bars in lightest shades) were calculated on the basis of random distribution of fossil horizons (uniform recovery, left bar) or using the relationship between sea-level curves (graph, right) and number of horizons to forecast recovery potential (figure 2d; right bar). Confidence intervals relating to sea level account for long ghost ranges of Osteostraci and Galeaspida, and the gap between Heterostraci and non-heterostracan pteraspidimorphs.