Table 1.
Characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients in general practices stratified by glycemic control after first year of initiating basal insulin therapy (Disease Analyzer, Germany)
| All | HbA1c ≤6.5%a | HbA1c >6.5%a | Odds ratiob (95% CI), univariable | Odds ratiob (95% CI), multivariable | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 4,062 | 295 | 3,767 | – | |
| Male sex (%) | 53.1 | 62.7* | 52.3* | 1.53 (1.20–1.96) | 1.58 (1.23–2.04) |
| Age (years) | 65.9 (11.9) | 66.1 (12.4) | 65.8 (11.9) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 4.8 (3.5) | 4.8 (3.9) | 4.8 (3.5) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) |
| Diabetologist care (%) | 20.5 | 15.9* | 20.9* | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) | 0.83 (0.58–1.19) |
| Private insurance (%) | 4.7 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 1.36 (0.82–2.42) | 1.22 (0.73–2.04) |
| HbA1c (%) (baseline) | 8.8 (1.6) | 9.0 (1.9) | 8.8 (1.6) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) |
| Glargine (%) | 45.3 | 55.6* | 44.5* | 1.44 (1.12–1.86)c | 1.43 (1.09–1.88)c |
| Detemir (%) | 15.2 | 9.8* | 15.6* | 0.73 (0.49–1.11)d | 0.73 (0.48–1.12)d |
| NPH insulins (%) | 39.5 | 34.6 | 39.9 | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Short-acting insulins (%) | 43.7 | 44.4 | 43.6 | 1.03 (0.81–1.31) | 1.33 (1.01–1.76) |
| Metformin (%)e | 56.3 | 63.4* | 55.7* | 1.38 (1.08–1.76) | 1.50 (1.16–1.95) |
| Sulfonylureas (%)e | 37.9 | 36.6 | 38.0 | 0.94 (1.74–1.20) | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) |
| DPP-4 inhibitorse (%) | 19.5 | 25.4* | 19.1* | 1.45 (1.10–1.91) | 1.49 (1.11–1.99) |
| Lipid lowering drugse (%)b | 41.8 | 37.6 | 42.1 | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.69 (0.54–0.90) |
| Diureticse (%) | 34.4 | 43.4* | 33.7* | 1.51 (1.19–1.92) | 1.60 (1.23–2.10) |
Notes: Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation or proportion (%)
P<0.05
last recorded HbA1c during one year of follow-up after initiating basal insulin therapy
odds ratios were computed using multivariable logistic regression (dependent variable: HbA1c ≤6.5% versus >6.5%) including all variables in the table and further adjusting for macrovascular (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke) and microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) complications (data not shown, all complications not significantly associated with glycemic control had P>0.05)
glargine versus NPH
detemir versus NPH
at least one prescription before initiating basal insulin.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase; NPH, neutral protamine Hagedorn; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.