B7x-immunoglobulin (Ig) treatment attenuates kidney expression of inflammatory mediators and immune cellular infiltrates. (a) mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators in kidneys of B7x-Ig-, control Ig- and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice post-nephrotoxic serum (NTS) challenge. The relative expression of each mRNA versus glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is plotted, with the y-axis scale ×10−3. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.), n = 9–10 per group. * P ≤ 0·05, by unpaired t-test. (b–d) Macrophages were stained and gated as detailed in the Materials and methods. CD11b+CD11chi, CD11b+CD11chiF480low and CD11b+CD11chiF480lowLy6chi macrophage subpopulations are shown in the figure. A total of 50 000 events were recorded per sample. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 per group. *P ≤ 0·05, by unpaired t-test. (e) CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations were stained as detailed in the Materials and methods. CD4+ T cells were analysed further for CD25 positivity.