Table 5. Difference GMM estimation of smoking participation by host country, sex, and immigrant status.
| Australia | USA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
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| British | Native | Other | British | Native | Other | |
|
|
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| Males | ||||||
| Culture | 0.233 [0.104]* | 0.035 [0.022] | -0.009 [0.090] | 0.144 [0.030]* | 0.082 [0.042] | 0.020 [0.056] |
| Lagged sm. participation | 0.356 [0.023]* | 0.592 [0.098]* | 0.717 [0.209]* | 0.877 [0.031]* | 0.793 [0.047]* | 0.801 [0.064]* |
| Person-year observations | 10237 | 70281 | 8281 | 56792 | 84070 | 54468 |
| No. of persons/Instruments | 367/33 | 2378/199 | 275/29 | 1874/180 | 2906/209 | 2304/103 |
| Hansen test (for lagged instruments) | 22.7 (0.703) | 202.8 (0.300) | 20.1 (0.634) | 170.1 (0.570) | 151.7 (0.997) | 85.7 (0.787) |
| Difference-in-Hansen test (for independent variables) | 5.5 (0.356) | 7.0 (0.222) | 4.6 (0.461) | 6.6 (0.251) | 7.5 (0.186) | 6.7 (0.240) |
| Females | ||||||
| Culture | 0.395 [0.113]* | 0.069 [0.062] | -0.046 [0.131] | 0.093 [0.037]* | -0.015 [0.018] | -0.014 [0.033] |
| Lagged sm. participation | 0.515 [0.177]* | 0.857 [0.029]* | 0.618 [0.125]* | 0.966 [0.019]* | 0.883 [0.034]* | 0.950 [0.054]* |
| Person-year observations | 10717 | 79807 | 8014 | 59017 | 93556 | 59956 |
| No. of persons/Instruments | 380/48 | 2710/291 | 272/29 | 1926/251 | 3160/253 | 2437/105 |
| Hansen test (for lagged instruments) | 46.2 (0.302) | 287.4 (0.450) | 20.0 (0.640) | 234.1 (0.681) | 229.3 (0.785) | 91.9 (0.682) |
| Difference-in-Hansen test (for independent variables) | 4.5 (0.484) | 3.6 (0.608) | 9.2 (0.102) | 0.5 (0.993) | 5.3 (0.378) | 2.1 (0.833) |
Notes: Regressions control for log taxes, log GDP per capita, age and age squared. Windmeijer-corrected standard errors are in brackets. Probability values are in parentheses.
*
significantly differs from zero with a probability value<0.05. In all specifications estimated for Natives and Others culture is sex-specific. For British immigrants culture corresponds to the gender of each individual's British parent when only one parent was born in the UK, and is the mean of male and female cohorts for individulas with both parents born in the UK.