Table 6. Difference GMM estimations of sm. participation of British sub-groups in the US by sex.
| Both parents born in UK | Only father born in UK | Only mother born in UK | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Males | |||||
| Culture | 0.542 [0.213]* | 0.335 [0.167]* | 0.552 [0.204]* | 0.202 [0.092]* | 0.097 [0.049]* |
| Lagged sm. participation | 0.869 [0.416]* | 0.892 [0.349]* | 0.900 [0.307]* | 0.969 [0.025]* | 0.934 [0.020]* |
| Person-year observations | 10019 | 10019 | 10059 | 15608 | 31165 |
| No. of persons/Instruments | 314/16 | 314/14 | 314/15 | 545/72 | 1015/152 |
| Hansen test (for lagged instruments) | 8.2 (0.613) | 8.8 (0.361) | 6.9 (0.643) | 72.0 (0.287) | 129.1 (0.840) |
| Difference-in-Hansen test (for independent variables) | 5.1 (0.403) | 4.8 (0.437) | 3.0 (0.701) | 5.1 (0.404) | 5.1 (0.410) |
| Females | |||||
| Culture | 0.376 [0.188]* | 0.168 [0.163] | 0.442 [0.174]* | 0.0012 [0.054] | 0.173 [0.087]* |
| Lagged sm. participation | 0.9013 [0.120]* | 0.931 [0.098]* | 0.9433 [0.433]* | 0.976 [0.072]* | 0.918 [0.026]* |
| Person-year observations | 11267 | 11267 | 11340 | 15983 | 31767 |
| No. of persons/Instruments | 359/14 | 359/18 | 359/17 | 542/74 | 1025/122 |
| Hansen test (for lagged instruments) | 10.7 (0.222) | 14.6 (0.264) | 11.0 (0.444) | 79.0 (0.169) | 122.3 (0.327) |
| Difference-in-Hansen test (for independent variables) | 7.4 (0.190) | 8.6 (0.125) | 6.0 (0.309) | 5.0 (0.417) | 9.1 (0.107) |
Notes: In specification (1) culture is calculated as a mean of male and female cohorts; in (2) and (4) it corresponds to that of male cohorts; and in (3) and (5) it corresponds to that of female cohorts. Because for British with both parents born in the UK the sample size is relatively small, we have collapsed the instruments to avoid over-fitting (i.e. we have allowed one instrument per lag distance, rather than one instrument per time period and lag distance). All other information, as for Table 5.