Table 1.

Some of the examples of nanomaterials functions in electrochemical biosensors.

Sr No	Functions	Nanomaterial Use	Type of Biosensor	Ref.
1	Immobilization support	iron oxide–chitosan nanocomposite	Electrochemical enzymatic biosensor	[113]
2	Immobilization support	Gold nanoparticles and graphene	Electrochemical DNA biosensor	[114]
3	Immobilization support	Gold nanoparticles/polyaniline nanofibers	Electrochemical immunosensor	[115]
4	Immobilization support	Graphene nanoplatelet–titanate nanotube composite	Electrochemical enzymatic biosensor	[116]
5	Immobilization support	Graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles	Electrochemical enzymatic biosensor	[117]
6	Signal amplification	Silver nanoparticles	Electrochemical DNA biosensor	[118]
7	Signal amplification	Platinum nanotubes modified with polyamidoamine	Electrochemical DNA biosensor	[119]
8	Signal amplification	Gold nanoparticles	Electrochemical immunosensor	[120]
9	Signal amplification	Ferroferric oxide nanoparticle	Electrochemical immunosensor	[121]
10	Signal amplification	Graphene, platinum nanoparticles	Electrochemical immunosensor	[122]
11	Signal generating probe	Cu@Ag (Cu@Ag-CD) core–shell nanoparticles	Electrochemical immunosensor	[123]
12	Signal generating probe	Magnetic beads	Electrochemical immunosensor	[124]
13	Signal generating probe/mediator	PtCo Alloy and graphene	Electrochemical immunosensor	[125]
14	Improve electrical properties	Carboxygraphene	Enzymatic biosensors	[126]
15	Improve electrical properties	Nano gold/graphene	Electrochemical myoglobin biosensor	[127]
16	Enzyme mimics	Graphene oxide (ERGO)–silver nanoparticle	Hydrogen per oxide sensor	[128]
17	Enzyme mimics	MnO2	Hydrogen peroxide sensor	[129]