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. 2015 Jan 20;8:457. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00457

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Copyright © 2015 Rastogi, Santiago-Moreno and Doré.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Summary of mechanisms of action of ginseng and its constituents in stroke. (IL-6: Interleukin-6, NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB, AP-1: Activator protein-1, iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, COX-2: Cycloxygenase-2, MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase, HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1, AIF: apoptosis inducing factor, GDNF: Glial-derived neurotrophic factors, BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, GP: Glutathione peroxidase, GST: Glutathione S-transferase, GR: Glutathione reductase, MDA: Malondialdehyde, NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase, NQO1: NADPH quinone reductase 1, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, TrxR: Thioredoxin reductase).