Loss of multifunctional HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell memory in the
lung mucosa in HIV-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
(A) Representative multifunctional flow cytometric plots of
lung mononuclear cells (LMNC) from HIV+COPD−
(left) versus HIV+COPD+
(right), following restimulation with Pol peptides showing
multifunctional subset frequencies of CD4+ T cells producing
IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-2, MIP-1β, and CD107
during chronic HIV infection. (B) Individual pie charts of
LMNC CD4+ T cell reflecting the percentage of Pol-specific
CD4+ T cells from
HIV+COPD− (left pie
chart) versus HIV+COPD+ (right
pie chart) patients producing one, two, three, or four functional
responses. (C) Individual pie charts of peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMC) CD4+ T cells, reflecting the same
cohort responses as in B. Using Boolean analysis, the
percentage of total for individual multifunctional subset responses for
HIV+COPD− (gray bars) and
HIV+COPD+ (black bars) are shown in
the bar graph for each of the multifunctional subsets (B and
C). Significant differences when comparing mean frequencies
of Pol-specific single and multifunctional responses are indicated by
*P < 0.05, **P <
0.01, and ***P < 0.001. All
P values were determined by the Kruskal-Wallis one-way
analysis of variance or Wilcoxon signed rank test.