Table 1.
Comparison of Characteristics and Lung Function between UK Indian and All Indian (Urban, Semiurban, and Rural) Children
| UK-Indian | All Indian | Mean Difference (UK − India) (95% CI) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects, N (% boys) | 311 (50) | 728 (51) | ||
| Age, yr | 8.1 (1.6) | 9.6 (2.0) | −1.55 (−1.78 to −1.31) | <0.0005 |
| z Height* | 0.34 (1.0) | −0.54 (1.1) | 0.88 (0.74 to 1.02) | <0.0005 |
| z Weight* | 0.13 (1.0) | −0.57 (1.2) | 0.70 (0.56 to 0.84) | <0.0005 |
| z BMI* | −0.04 (1.0) | −0.41 (1.0) | 0.37 (0.24 to 0.50) | <0.0005 |
| FAS | 3.5 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.5 to 1.9)† | <0.0005 |
| Household tobacco smoking, n (%) | 42 (14) | 169 (23) | −9 (−14 to −5) | 0.027 |
| z FEV1 | 0.04 (0.94) | −0.32 (1.0) | 0.36 (0.23 to 0.49) | <0.0005 |
| z FVC | 0.01 (0.96) | −0.34 (1.1) | 0.35 (0.22 to 0.48) | <0.0005 |
| z FEV1/FVC | 0.16 (1.03) | 0.14 (1.0) | 0.02 (−0.12 to 0.16) | 0.770 |
Definition of abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; FAS = family affluence score.
Results are expressed as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified. FAS based on collated score for numbers of computers, vehicle ownership (car, motorcycle, bicycle), and whether the child had own bedroom (score 0–6).
*
z Height, z weight, and z BMI are based on Indian growth charts (25).
†
P < 0.0005. Spirometry results are adjusted for age, height, and sex based on recently derived Global Lung Function Initiative–2012 coefficients for Indian children (28).