Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2015 Feb;156(2):348–355. doi: 10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460316.58110.a0

Table 2.

Association between patient characteristics and depression at baseline, Wave 2 and Wave 3 follow-up

Baseline Wave 2 Wave 3

Variable Not
depressed
(n=147)
Depressed
(n=201)
Not
depressed
(n=127)
Depressed
(n=104)
Not
depressed
(n=75)
Depressed
(n=68)
Opioid use
No use 61.2% 45.8%* 53.7% 40.6% 59.5% 37.9%*

50 mg or lower 32.7% 45.8% 39.0% 44.5% 23.0% 36.4%

> 50 mg 6.1% 8.5% 7.3% 14.9% 17.6% 25.8%

Sociodemographics
Age:
18 to 45 25.8% 24.4% 22.8% 19.2%* 28.0% 23.5%
46 to 59 38.1% 49.7% 35.4% 53.9% 34.7% 47.1%
60 and over 36.1% 25.9% 41.7% 26.9% 37.3% 29.4%
Race:
White, non-Hispanic 47.6% 39.8% 53.5% 35.6%** 58.7% 39.7%*
Other 52.4% 60.2% 46.5% 64.4% 41.3% 60.3%
Gender:
Male 25.2% 29.8% 21.3% 26.9% 26.7% 27.9%
Female 74.8% 70.2% 78.7% 73.1% 73.3% 72.1%
Education:
< High school 14.3% 27.4%** 14.2% 27.9%** 13.3% 20.6%
≥ High school 85.7% 72.6% 85.8% 72.1% 86.7% 79.4%
Applying for/On disability: 33.3% 61.2%*** 36.2% 55.8%** 30.7% 58.8%***

Psychosocial characteristics
# close stressful people (mean± sd) .09 ± 1.1 1.3 ± 1.2** 1.0 ± 1.2 1.2 ± 1.1 0.9 ± 1.2 1.3 ± 1.2
# close supportive people (mean± sd) 3.0 ± 1.9 2.4 ± 1.7** 2.9 ± 1.9 2.5 ± 1.7 3.3 ± 2.0 2.6 ± 1.7*

Pain Characteristics
Pain severity (mean± sd) 6.0 ± 2.3 7.3 ± 2.0*** 5.6 ± 2.9 7.4 ± 2.1*** 5.4 ± 2.6 6.8 ± 2.3**
Pain duration (years; mean± sd) 13.5 ±13.4 13.7 ±13.3 13.4 ± 12.6 15.9 ± 14.9 15.3 ± 16.1 15.4 ± 12.2

Health Related Quality of Life2
SF - Pain interference (mean± sd) 44.3 ± 26.8 22.5 ± 22.3*** 46.6 ± 22.6 25.2 ± 22.4*** 49.3 ± 28.1 25.4 ± 22.2***
SF- Physical functioning (mean± sd) 43.4 ± 28.7 25.0 ± 23.0*** 47.6 ± 29.4 23.5 ± 22.1*** 49.7 ± 31.4 31.8 ± 26.8***
SF - Role physical (mean± sd) 19.7 ± 31.4 6.5 ± 17.2*** 22.8 ± 33.7 4.6 ± 14.4*** 23.1 ± 36.5 8.5 ± 21.0***
SF - General health (mean± sd) 53.0 ± 23.7 32.4 ± 21.4*** 48.9 ± 23.8 30.8 ± 22.0*** 50.9 ± 24.9 35.3 ± 20.9***

Comorbidities
# comorbidities (mean± sd)3 2.4 ± 1.7 3.1 ± 1.8*** 3.3 ± 2.1 3.6 ± 2.1 2.8 ± 1.8 4.0 ± 2.1**
Anxiety – yes 59.9% 96.0%*** 58.3% 84.6%*** 38.7% 89.7%***
Obese/overweight 79.9% 82.7% 84.1% 89.5% 78.5% 85.3%
*

p<0.05,

**

p<0.01,

***

p<0.001

1) morphine equivalent dose, 2) RAND-SF36 subscales, higher scores indicate better functioning, 3) comorbid conditions from patient chart, 4 ) of the 330 patients that completed wave 2, there were 234 patients who completed the survey and 322 who had chart data; out of the 194 patients in wave 3, 144 patients completed the survey and 191 patients had chart data.