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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2015 Feb;156(2):348–355. doi: 10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460316.58110.a0

Table 3.

Mixed logistic regression models measuring the association (Odds Ratio (95%CI)) between change in morphine equivalent opioid dose (MED) and change in depression over time before and after adjusting for covariates.

Model 1
OR (95% CI)
Model 2
OR (95% CI)
Model 3
OR (95% CI)
Model 4
OR (95% CI)
Model 5
OR (95% CI)
Model 6
OR (95% CI)
Model 7
OR (95% CI)

Opioid use
No use 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
≤ 50 mg 1.99
(1.19–3.31)
1.45
(0.87–2.41)
1.12
(0.67–1.85)
2.00
(1.24–3.22)
1.84
(1.11–3.06)
1.71
(1.03–2.82)
1.08
(0.65–1.79)
> 50 mg 3.32
(1.43–7.69)
2.95
(1.30–6.68)
1.81
(0.81–4.04)
3.25
(1.47–7.20)
3.09
(1.35–7.10)
2.96
(1.30–6.78)
2.65
(1.17–5.98)

Pain Characteristics
Pain Severity 1.40
(1.25–1.56)
1.05
(0.93–1.19)
Pain Duration (yrs) 1.01
(0.99–1.03)
1.02
(0.99–1.04)

Health Related Quality of Life
SF-Pain Interfere 0.97
(0.96–0.99)
0.98
(0.96–0.99)
SF-Physical Func 0.99
(0.98–1.00)
0.99
(0.98–1.01)
SF-Physical Role 1.00
(0.99–1.01)
1.00
(0.99–1.01)
SF-Gen Health 0.97
(0.96–0.98)
0.99
(0.98–1.00)

Comorbidities
# comorbidities 1.11
(0.99–1.26)
1.04
(0.92–1.19)
Anxiety: 12.13
(6.50–22.64)
8.33
(4.39–15.81)
Obese/over weight 1.29
(0.68–2.42)
0.87
(0.45–1.69)

Psychosocial characteristics
# stressful people 1.50
(1.17–1.93)
1.32
(1.05–1.65)
# support people 0.78
(0.67–0.92)
0.92
(0.81–1.06)

Demographic characteristics
Age:
≥ 60 0.80
(0.38–1.70)
0.72
(0.34–1.53)
46–59 1.46
(0.73–2.90)
1.10
(0.59–2.05)
18–45 1.00 1.00
Race: Non-white 1.73
(0.97–3.10)
1.75
(1.03–2.98)
Education: < high school 3.03
(1.46–6.27)
1.57
(0.83–2.98)
Gender: female 0.82
(0.44–1.52)
0.61
(0.35–1.05)
Disability Status: On/apply 3.28
(1.82–5.92)
1.00
(0.59–1.70)

Model Information
Pseudo R-square 19.25% 25.42% 36.82% 30.60% 21.44% 24.92% 48.28%
AIC 914.40 873.70 781.10 759.56 899.55 879.32 667.30
a

All models adjusted for years since baseline assessment.