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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 19.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2014 Jun 19;28(10):1409–1419. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000291

Figure 2. AV411 and AV1013 attenuate morphine and Tat-mediated interactive neurotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner.

Figure 2

Tat ± morphine-induced neurotoxicity in neuron-mixed-glial co-cultures was monitored using a computer-assisted, time-lapse microscopy that permitted longitudinal analysis of individual neurons at 30 min intervals for 72 h. The mixed-glial cultures consisted of 90.2 ± 0.4% astrocytes; 8.8 ± 0.6% microglia and mimic proportions in the striatum [5]. Neuronal survival with (A) HIV-Tat ± 1 μM AV411 (B) with HIV-Tat ± morphine (M) ± 100 nM and 1.0 μM AV411 (C) with HIV-Tat ± 100 nM AV1013 (D) with HIV-Tat ± morphine (M) ± 100 nM and 1.0 μM AV1013. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test. *p < 0.05, vs. controls; §p < 0.05, vs. Tat; †p < 0.05 vs. Tat + morphine group; **p vs. all other treatments; #p < 0.05 vs. 1 μM AV1013.