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. 2012 Dec 1;6:49–54. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsp.2011.11.002

Table 2.

Methods used for placement of 602 pedicle screws verified by intraoperative 3D imaging

No. of cases
2-Dimensional fluoroscopy (C-arm or O-arm) 37
Computer navigation (O-arm image guidance) 23
Anatomic landmarks 9
Previous screw tracks 14
Total 76 (7 cases used >1 method)