Table I.

First-stage results from logistic regression on surgery indicator

Covariate	Logit coefficient (SE) [z-statistic]
IV
ivrate_activesurv	−1.496 (0.5) [−3.02]++
DEMOGRAPHICS
Age (centered at 74)	−0.176 (0.01) [−30.95]++
Age^2	0.0124 (0) [17.89]++
T1-stage (Ref: T2)	1.05 (0.05) [22.11]++
Grade – Well (Ref: Undetermined)	1.402 (0.14) [9.67]++
Grade – Moderate	1.424 (0.13) [11.04]++
Grade – Poor	2.261 (0.14) [16.14]++
White (Ref: Other)	−0.425 (0.15) [−2.76]++
Black	−0.347 (0.19) [−1.82]+
Hispanic	−0.089 (0.23) [−0.39]
Metropolitan area of residence	−0.052 (0.09) [−0.58]
ILLNESS SEVERITY
1 hospitalization last year (Ref: No hosp)	0.283 (0.09) [3.02]++
2 hospitalizations last year	0.288 (0.15) [1.87]+
>2 hospitalizations last year	0.545 (0.21) [2.6]++
Congestive heart failure	0.338 (0.21) [1.59]
Valvular disease	−0.113 (0.23) [−0.48]
Peripheral vascular disease	0.02 (0.21) [0.1]
Paralysis	0.638 (0.34) [1.89]+
Other neurological disorders	−0.22 (0.23) [−0.97]
Chronic lung disease	0.13 (0.14) [0.9]
Diabetes	0.05 (0.16) [0.32]
Diabetes with chronic complications	0.226 (0.36) [0.63]
Hypothyroidism	0.232 (0.26) [0.88]
Obesity	−0.03 (0.36) [−0.08]
Fluid and electrolyte disorders	0.136 (0.15) [0.88]
Deficiency anemias	0.258 (0.2) [1.28]
Alcohol abuse	0.116 (0.35) [0.34]
Depression	0.167 (0.31) [0.54]
Hypertension with complications	−0.053 (0.11) [−0.48]
ZIPCODE-LEVEL 2000 CENSUS XTICS	YES
YEAR FIXED EFFECTS	YES
STATE FIXED EFFECTS	YES
HRR-SPECIFIC XTICS	YES

⁺p-val. < 0.10;

⁺⁺p-val. < 0.05.