TABLE 2.
Estimates of African-Americans’ Odds of Union Membership and Union Attachment, Various Years
| Cross-Sectional Estimates | Panel Estimates | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (1) |
Men (2) |
Women (3) |
Men (4) |
|
| Demographic controls: | ||||
| African-American (reference is white) | 2.19* (2.14, 2.24) | 1.48* (1.45, 1.51) | 2.43* (2.23, 2.65) | 1.52* (1.40, 1.65) |
| Hispanic | 1.16* (1.12, 1.20) | .88* (.86, .90) | 1.36* (1.23, 1.50) | .86* (.80, .92) |
| Other race | 1.14* (1.09, 1.19) | .90* (.87, .93) | 1.33* (1.17, 1.51) | .99 (.89, 1.10) |
| Married | .99 (.98, 1.01) | 1.22* (1.20, 1.24) | .91* (.86, .97) | 1.12* (1.07, 1.17) |
| Potential experience | 1.05* (1.05, 1.06) | 1.08* (1.08, 1.08) | 1.05* (1.04, 1.06) | 1.07* (1.06, 1.07) |
| Potential experience2 | .99* (.99, .99) | .99* (.99, .99) | .99* (.99, .99) | 1.00* (1.00, 1.00) |
| High school (reference is < high school) | 1.08* (1.05, 1.11) | 1.49* (1.46, 1.51) | 1.20* (1.09, 1.33) | 1.78* (1.66, 1.90) |
| Some college | 1.01 (.98, 1.04) | 1.47* (1.44, 1.50) | 1.21* (1.09, 1.34) | 1.86* (1.73, 1.99) |
| College degree or higher | 1.02 (.99, 1.05) | .83* (.81, .86) | 1.12 (.99, 1.26) | 1.05 (.96, 1.16) |
| Selected industry controls (reference is agriculture/for-estry/fisheries): | ||||
| Transportation | 11.23* (9.35, 13.47) | 7.47* (6.83, 8.16) | 10.03* (5.78, 17.32) | 4.56* (3.43, 6.04) |
| Manufacturing durables | 4.73* (3.95, 5.66) | 4.34* (3.97, 4.74) | 3.55* (2.06, 6.12) | 2.41* (1.82, 3.20) |
| Finance, insurance, and real estate | 1.12 (.93, 1.35) | 1.04 (.94, 1.15) | 1.05 (.60, 1.83) | 0.69* (.50, .95) |
| Selected occupation controls (reference is professional/managerial): | ||||
| Production/craft/repair | 4.82* (4.68, 4.96) | 6.78* (6.62, 6.95) | 4.09* (3.72, 4.50) | 5.92* (5.49, 6.39) |
| Service occupations | 1.29* (1.26, 1.32) | 2.71* (2.65, 2.79) | 1.31* (1.22, 1.41) | 2.58* (2.38, 2.80) |
| Weekly hours | 1.01* (1.01, 1.01) | .99* (.99, .99) | 1.00 (.99, 1.00) | .98* (.98, .99) |
| Region effects | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| State-grouping effects | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Metro effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 1,271,266 | 1,436,740 | 237,471 | 263,320 |
| Years covered | 1973–2007 | 1973–2007 | 1983–2007 | 1983–2007 |
| Number of parameters | 83 | 83 | 51 | 51 |
| McFadden’s R2 | .16 | .23 | .11 | .18 |
Note.—95% confidence intervals are in parentheses. Data for the cross-sectional estimates come from the CPS-May/MORG files, 1973–2007. Data for the panel estimates come from the CPS-MORG matched files, 1985–2007. Models are weighted with the appropriate CPS weights. Odds ratios from suppressed covariates are available on request. Estimates are restricted to private-sector workers ages 16–64 with positive earnings and hours worked. See the data appendix for a full description of the data construction and model specifications.
*
P < .05.