Table 2. Combined risk of coronary heart (CHD) events and deaths for an additional intake of 1 g/d of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).

	All		Women	Men
	HR (95 % CI)	P for effect modification by gender	HR (95 % CI)	HR (95 % CI)
ALA, CHD events
Model 1	0.94 (0.82,1.08)	0.95	1.07 (0.66,1.74)	0.95 (0.86,1.05)
Model 2	0.93 (0.84,1.04)	0.88	0.96 (0.67,1.39)	0.95 (0.86,1.05)
Model 3	0.88 (0.75,1.02)	0.42	1.02 (0.65,1.59)	0.85 (0.72,1.01)
ALA, CHD deaths
Model 1	0.95 (0.82,1.09)	0.62	1.04 (0.64,1.68)	0.93 (0.80,1.09)
Model 2	0.96 (0.83,1.11)	0.97	0.96 (0.64,1.45)	0.96 (0.82,1.13)
Model 3	0.88 (0.68,1.14)	0.07	1.23 (0.80,1.89)	0.77 (0.58,1.01)

Data are given as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by using Cox proportional hazards regression. Model 1 included intake of ALA expressed in energy adjusted g/d. Age at baseline (y) and the calendar year in which the baseline questionnaire was returned were entered into the model through the strata statement. Model 2 included the variables of model 1 and the following known risk factors for CHD: smoking habits, body mass index, physical activity, educational level, history of hypertension. Model 3 included the variables of model 2 and the following dietary risk factors: alcohol intake, total energy intake (where alcohol is excluded), fibre intake, monounsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, trans fatty acids, long-chain n-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid intake