Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
| Variable | Migrant workers | Urban workers | χ 2 | df | p | Migrant workers aged < = 32 y (“new generation”) | Migrant workers aged > 32 y (“old generation”) | χ 2 | df | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 914) | (N = 814) | (N = 582) | (N = 332) | |||||||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |||||||
| Sex | 3.2 | 1 | 0.075 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.52 | ||||||||
| Male | 467 | (51.1) | 381 | (46.8) | 302 | (51.9) | 165 | (49.7) | ||||||
| Female | 447 | (48.9) | 433 | (53.2) | 280 | (48.1) | 167 | (50.3) | ||||||
| Age (mean, SD)* | 29.8 | (9.1) | 35.8 | (10.0) | 13.2 | 1655 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Age group | 114.0 | 1 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| < = 32 years (“new generation”) | 582 | (63.7) | 309 | (38.0) | ||||||||||
| > 32 years | 332 | (36.3) | 505 | (62.0) | ||||||||||
| Education | 216.1 | 2 | <0.001 | 69.6 | 2 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Junior high school or below | 469 | (51.3) | 163 | (20.0) | 240 | (41.2) | 229 | (69.0) | ||||||
| Senior high school | 341 | (37.3) | 386 | (47.4) | 253 | (43.5) | 88 | (26.5) | ||||||
| College or above | 104 | (11.4) | 265 | (32.6) | 89 | (15.3) | 15 | (4.5) | ||||||
| Marital status | 58.2 | 2 | <0.001 | 344.2 | 2 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Single | 421 | (46.1) | 230 | (28.3) | 402 | (69.1) | 19 | (5.7) | ||||||
| Married / cohabited | 476 | (52.1) | 565 | (69.4) | 177 | (30.4) | 299 | (90.1) | ||||||
| Other | 17 | (1.9) | 19 | (2.3) | 3 | (0.5) | 14 | (4.2) | ||||||
| Job | 0.2 | 1 | 0.68 | 61.5 | 1 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Manufacturing | 446 | (48.8) | 389 | (47.8) | 227 | (39.0) | 219 | (66.0) | ||||||
| Non-manufacturing | 468 | (51.2) | 425 | (52.2) | 355 | (61.0) | 113 | (34.0) | ||||||
| Working hours per day | 43.1 | 2 | <0.001 | 3.5 | 2 | 0.18 | ||||||||
| < = 8 | 550 | (60.2) | 607 | (74.6) | 337 | (57.9) | 213 | (64.2) | ||||||
| 9-11 | 298 | (32.6) | 181 | (22.2) | 200 | (34.4) | 98 | (29.5) | ||||||
| > = 12 | 66 | (7.2) | 26 | (3.2) | 45 | (7.7) | 21 | (6.3) | ||||||
| Working days per week | 47.9 | 2 | <0.001 | 5.3 | 2 | 0.07 | ||||||||
| < = 5 | 155 | (17.0) | 210 | (25.8) | 98 | (16.8) | 57 | (17.2) | ||||||
| 6 | 498 | (54.5) | 475 | (58.4) | 332 | (57.0) | 166 | (50.0) | ||||||
| 7 | 261 | (28.6) | 129 | (15.8) | 152 | (26.1) | 109 | (32.8) | ||||||
| Monthly income (RMB) | 4.7 | 3 | 0.19 | 14.8 | 3 | 0.002 | ||||||||
| < 1000 | 52 | (5.7) | 41 | (5.0) | 23 | (4.0) | 29 | (8.7) | ||||||
| 1000-3000 | 706 | (77.2) | 624 | (76.7) | 447 | (76.8) | 259 | (78.0) | ||||||
| 3000-5000 | 128 | (14.0) | 108 | (13.3) | 95 | (16.3) | 33 | (9.9) | ||||||
| > = 5000 | 28 | (3.1) | 41 | (5.0) | 17 | (2.9) | 11 | (3.3) | ||||||
| Income satisfaction | 56.8 | 4 | <0.001 | 9.3 | 4 | 0.055 | ||||||||
| Very satisfied | 18 | (2.0) | 14 | (1.7) | 8 | (1.4) | 10 | (3.0) | ||||||
| Satisfied | 125 | (13.7) | 95 | (11.7) | 69 | (11.9) | 56 | (16.9) | ||||||
| Average | 566 | (61.9) | 396 | (48.6) | 373 | (64.1) | 193 | (58.1) | ||||||
| Unsatisfied | 176 | (19.3) | 236 | (29.0) | 116 | (19.9) | 60 | (18.1) | ||||||
| Very unsatisfied | 29 | (3.2) | 73 | (9.0) | 16 | (2.7) | 13 | (3.9) | ||||||
| Insurance coverage** | 100.4 | 1 | <0.001 | 8.3 | 1 | 0.004 | ||||||||
| Yes | 688 | (75.3) | 758 | (93.1) | 420 | (72.2) | 268 | (80.7) | ||||||
| None | 226 | (24.7) | 56 | (6.9) | 162 | (27.8) | 64 | (19.3) | ||||||
| SSRS use of support score (mean, SD)* | 7.7 | (2.0) | 8.0 | (1.9) | 3.2 | 1726 | 0.001 | 7.8 | (1.9) | 7.5 | (2.0) | 2.0 | 912 | 0.04 |
| Household registration (hukou) | 0.0 | 1 | 0.94 | |||||||||||
| Urban | 90 | (15.5) | 52 | (15.7) | ||||||||||
| Rural | 492 | (84.5) | 280 | (84.3) | ||||||||||
| Length of stay in Guangzhou | 20.3 | 1 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 1 year or more | 418 | (71.8) | 282 | (84.9) | ||||||||||
| Less than 1 year | 164 | (28.2) | 50 | (15.1) | ||||||||||
| Reasons of moving to Guangzhou | ||||||||||||||
| Wanted to earn more money | 301 | (51.7) | 276 | (83.1) | 89.6 | 1 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Wanted to learn skills | 299 | (51.4) | 94 | (28.3) | 45.9 | 1 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Wanted to live in cities | 57 | (9.8) | 21 | (6.3) | 3.3 | 1 | 0.07 | |||||||
| Forced by family | 32 | (5.5) | 34 | (10.2) | 7.1 | 1 | 0.008 | |||||||
SD = Standard deviation. RMB = Renminbi (1 RMB ~ = 0.16 USD). SSRS = Social Support Rating Scale.
*t test used to examine group differences.
**Including private insurance and social security.